PRINCESS NOURA BINT ABDUL RAHMAN UNIVERSITY
PREPARATORY YEAR
SECOND SEMESTER (2014 – 2015 / 1435– 1436)
Computer skills (CMP-001)
MODULE :1
Prepared by:
Ms. Mazna Khan
Ms. Sana Siraj
Presentation by:
Ms. NourHilal
Table of Contents
Introduction to Computers
Need of Computers
What is Computer
Data
Information
Information Technology
Advantages of Computers
Computer Performance
Computer Generations
TYPES OF COMPUTERS
Super computer:
Mainframe computers:
Minicomputers:
Microcomputer:
Workstation Computer:
Control Computer:
PARTS OF A PERSONAL COMPUTER
HARDWARE
Input devices
Output devices
Central Processing Unit (CPU):
Memory Devices:
Storage Devices:
SOFTWARE
System Software:
Application Software:
File Extensions
NETWORKS
What is a Network?
-Client:
-Server:
-Resources
Benefits of Networks
a.Sharing of resources
b.Exchanging information
Classification of Network
a.According to Network’s Transport Media (wired and wireless).
b.According to Network’s Geographical Media (LAN, MAN, WAN).
c.According to Network’s Management Media (Peer-to-Peer, Client-Server).
FIELDS OF USING COMPUTERS IN OUR DAILY LIFE
-Computers in Education
-Computers in Management: Computers increase company's performance in helping with collecting data and producing reports.
-Computers in Banks: ease the access for bank account through ATM.
-Computers in Medical Fields
-Computers in Pharmacy: Computers help in tracking pharmacy's storage system and financial transactions.
-Computers in Industry Field:
CONCEPTS OF INFORMATION
Tele-working:
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
E-Documents:
Advantages:
E-Commerce:
The Advantages of the E-Commerce:
The Disadvantages of E-Commerce:
SAFETY AND HEALTH
Right methods to deal with the computer:
Health Problems which are caused by the wrong use of computers:
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROTECTION:
Information Security:
VIRUS
1.Virus spreading ways:
2.Virus protection ways:
VocabularyComputer Generations / أجيال الحاسب
Vacuum Tubes / الأنابيب المفرغة
Integrated Circuits / الدوائر المتكاملة
Transistors / الترانزستور
Process / معالجة
Logical Operations / العمليات المنطقية
Information / معلومات
Data / بيانات
Advantages / فوائد
Performance / أداء
Speed And Accurate / السرعة والدقة
Hardware / الوحدات المادية
Input Devices / أجهزة الادخال
Keyboard / لوحة المفاتيح
The Mouse / الفأرة
Scanner / الماسح الضــوئي
Barcode Reader / قارئ شريط الشيفرات
Joystick / عصا التحكم
Output Devices / أجهزة الاخراج
Monitor (Computer Screen ) / الشــاشة
Speaker/Head Phones / السماعات
Text / نص
Pictures / الصور
Voice / الصوت
Touch Screen / شاشة اللمس
Central Processing Unit / وحدة المعالجة المركزية
Control Unit (CU) / وحدة التحكم
Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU) / وحدة الحساب والمنطق
Memory Unit / وحدة الذاكرة
Instructions / تعليمات
Random Access Memory (RAM) / ذاكــرة الوصول العشوائي
Read Only Memory (ROM) / ذاكــرة القراءة فقط
Manufactured / مُصنَّعة
TemporaryMemory / الذاكرة المؤقتة
PermanentMemory / الذاكرة الدائمة
Volatile–Non Volatile / متطايرة – غير متطايرة
Storage Device / أجهزة التخزين
Primary Storage / وحدة التخزين الرئيسية
Secondary Storage / وحدة التخزين الثانوية
Internal Storage / وحدة تخزين داخلية
External Storage / وحدة تخزين خارجية
Hard Disk / القرص الصلب
CD –Compact Disk / القرص المضغوط
Software / البرمجيات
System Software / برمجيات النظام
Application Software / البرمجيات التطبيقية
Utilities / برامج خدمية
Drivers / برامج تشغيل (مُشغّل)
File Extensions / امتداد الملف
Executable file / ملف تنفيذي
Compressed file / ملف مضغوط
Verify / التحقق
Charts / الرسوم البيانية
Database / قواعد البيانات
Design / تصميم
Animated Pictures / الصور المتحركة
Network / الشبكات
Share Resources / مشاركة الموارد
Local Area Network / الشبكات المحلية
Wide Area Network / الشبكات الموسعة
Metropolitan Area Network / الشبكات الإقليمية
Client / العميل
Server / الخـــادم
Resources / الموارد
Cables / الأســلاك
Network Card / كرت الشبكــة
Geographical Area / مساحة جغرافية
Radio waves / أمواج راديوية
Industry Field / الحقل الصناعي
Medical Fields / الحقل الطبي
Artificial Intelligence / الذكــــــــاء الصُنعي
Packing / التعليب
Welding And Plumbing / السباكة واللحام
Fire Fighting / مكافحة الحرائق
Defusing Bombs / تعطيل القنابل
E-Commerce / التجارة الالكترونية
E-Document / المستندات الالكترونية
Risks / المخــاطر
Teleworking / العمل عــن بعد
Adjust / ضبط
Screen Lights Brightness / اضاءة الشاشة
Radiation / اشعاعات
Download / تحمــيل – تنزيل
Adopt / اتخاذ- اعتماد
Fingerprint / بصمة اليد
Eye Print / بصمة العين
Voice Print / بصمة الصوت
Fraud / الاحتيال
Individuals Rights / حقوق الأفراد
Privacy / الخصوصية
Civil Cases / القضايا المدنية
Threaten / يهدد
Data Encryption / تشفير البيانات
Decryption / فك التشفير
Unreliable Source / مصدر غير موثوق
Introduction to Computers
Need of Computers
Need of a computer has become the necessity of human beings nowadays. Computers are everywhere, such as work, school, home, mobile devices, etc.
It has become the source of instant access to information from around the globe. It can be used to access the internet for news, weather reports, sports, maps, emails, and education materials. People also spend hours of free time on computers playing games, listening to music or watching movies.
It is a common belief that computer knowledge is necessary for success.
What is Computer
A computer is an electronic machine that receives input, stores and automatically processes data, and provides output in a useful format.
Data
Data is raw & unorganized facts and figures that need to be processed.
Information
When data is processed and organized so as to make it useful and meaningful, it is called Information.
Information Technology
A term that refers to both the hardware and software that is used to store, retrieve and manipulate information.
Advantages of Computers
- Speed and accuracy of calculations and processing.
- Saves huge amounts of data.
- Economic in cost and time.
- Network communications.
Computer Performance
The computer performance depends on the following:
-The speed of the processor, which is measured in Giga Hertz.
-The capacity of RAM, which is measured in Giga Bytes.
-The speed and capacity of the Hard Disk.
Computer Generations
The development of computers was characterized by phases of growth which is called “Computer Generations”. Major technological developments in each generations led to smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient computers.
The present computer system that we see today has evolved through various development stages. These stages are illustrated below:
Generations / Technology UsedFirst (1940 – 1956) / Vacuum Tubes
Second (1956 – 1963) / Transistors
Third (1964 – 1971) / Integrated Circuits
Fourth (1971– Present) / Microprocessors
Fifth(Present – Beyond) / Artificial Intelligence
TYPES OF COMPUTERS
Supercomputer:
- They are the biggest and the most powerful computers.
- They are rare because of their cost and size.
- Used by companies like NASA.
Mainframe computers:
- Great processing speed and data storage.
- Often connected to many individual PCs with limited processing capabilities called dumb terminals.
- Used in Banks, Airlines etc.
Minicomputers:
- These computers minimized in size and power.
- They are not used very commonly these days.
Microcomputer:
- It is called the personal computer (PC) which is popular everywhere.
- It is small enough to fit on top of a desk, which can be used by one user at a time.
- Used in homes, schools etc.
WorkstationComputer:
- Aworkstationis a high-endmicrocomputer used in engineering applications.
- Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to alocal area network.
- The termworkstationhas also been used to refer to aPC connected to anetwork.
Control Computer:
- These computers are used for controlling operations in industrial, medical devices and travel media like planes and cars, to alert in any dangerous case.
PARTS OF A PERSONAL COMPUTER
A Personal Computer is broadly categorized into two parts – Hardware and Software. These will be illustrated in detail as follows:
HARDWARE
The physical parts of a computer which you can see and touch are called Hardware. Hardware is classified further into the following:
Input devices
An Input device is any hardware part that allows you to enter data and instructions into a computer. Some examples of input devices are as follows:
Keyboard: It is a board containing the keys of letters, numbers and some functions which allows you to type information into the computer.
Mouse: A small hand-held device used to point, select, and click on items and to drag and drop items from one place to another.
Scanner:It allows you to scan pictures, text and images and save it to your computer in a digital form.
Web Cam:It is a digital camera that captures an image through the computer to a computer network.
Barcode Reader:It is a photoelectric scanner that translates the bar code symbols into digital form.
Joystick:Small hand lever that can be moved in any directions to control movement on the screen. It can be used for playing games.
Output devices
Devices used to translate the processed information into a form that humans can understand.Some examples of output devices are as follows:
Monitor (Computer Screen):Monitordisplays the output in terms of text, information or pictures. They come in different sizes and resolution.
Printer:A printer produces a hard copy of the material you are working on. For example, Laser Printer and Ink-jet Printer.
Speaker/Headphones:Theyare used to output voice from a computer.
Touch Screen:It can be used as both Input and output device at the same time.It receives input from the touch of a finger. For example - smart phones, ATM machines etc.
Central Processing Unit (CPU):
It is the most important part of a computer system. It is usually referred to as the brain of a computer. It determines the speed of your computer, which is measured in GHz (Giga Hertz).
The two main components of CPU are:
a)CU -Control Unit:It tells the computer system how to carry out program instructions from the memory. It controls and coordinates all activities of the computer.
b)ALU-Arithmetic and Logic Unit: It performs mathematical and logical operations.
Memory Devices:
Memory TypesRAM
(Random Access Memory) / ROM
(Read Only Memory)
- RAM isvolatile memory (the information is lost when you switch off the computer).
- It is a temporary memory.
- RAM is where instructions and data can be read and written again and again.
- Used for programs and data that you are currently working on.
- ROM isnon-volatile (the information is not lost when you switch off the computer).
- It is a permanent memory.
- ROM is where programs are built-in at the factory where they are manufactured.
- Used for fixed startup instructions.
Units of Measurement:
Unit / Capacity1 Bit / 0 or 1
1 Byte(1 b) / 8 bits
1 Kilobyte(1 KB) / 1024 Bytes
1 Megabyte(1 MB) / 1024 Kilobytes
1 Gigabyte(1 GB) / 1024 Megabytes
1 Terabyte(1 TB) / 1024 Gigabytes
1 Petabyte(1 PB) / 1024 Terabytes
Storage Devices:
Hardware devices which are used to record and store data are called storage devices. They are of two types:
1.Primary storage devices:
Before the data can be processed or a program can be run, it must be in the RAM. RAM is a volatile storage device meaning that when the computer is switched off, the data stored in it is lost or deleted. Hence, it is referred to as “primary storage”.
2.Secondary storage devices:
The devices store data even after the computer is switched off. There are two types of secondary storage devices:
- Internal storage
Hard Disk:It is the most important storage media located inside the computer, which stores operating system and programs.
- External storage
- Flash Memory (USB):A compact and easy-to-use device for transferring data between computers.
- Optical Discs: An optical disc is a flat, round, portable metal disc with a plastic coating. CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray Discs are the three types.
SOFTWARE
Software, or programs,are instructions that tell the computer what to do and how to perform. It is divided into two types –System Softwareand Application Software.
System Software:
System software is the “background software” that comprises of programs that the computer uses to manage its task and devices. It serves as the interface between the user, the application software and the computer’s hardware.
There are four types of system software:
- Operating System- It is a set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer hardware devices. Examples: DOS, UNIX, Linus, Windows.
- Utilities- A utility program allows a user to perform maintenance type tasks usually related to managing the computer, its devices, or its programs. Examples: Disc Defragmenter, backup and restore.
- Device Drivers- These are specialized programs designed to allow particular input or output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer.
- Language Translator- It converts the programming instructions into a language that computers understand.
Application Software:
They are programs used to perform some specific tasks. There are two types of Application Software:
- Basic Application Software
These are the most commonly used programs such Internet browsers, word processor, spreadsheet and database management system.
- Word Processor:It is used to write and format texts, insert tables and pictures.
Example: Microsoft Word
- Spreadsheet: It is used for automatic calculations and creating charts.
Example: Microsoft Excel
- Database:A structured set of data held in a computer.
Example: Microsoft Access
- Presentation: It is used to design slides for business and education.
Example: Microsoft PowerPoint
- Web Browser: It is defined as a program designed to enable users to access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on theInternet.
Example: Internet explorer
- Specialized Application Software
These are the programs that are more focused on specific areas such as graphics, audio, video, multimedia, etc.
File Extensions
Explanation / Extension / Icon / No.Text Files
Plain text (notepad) / .txt / / 1
Image Files
High Resolution / .jpeg / / 1
Medium Resolution / .bmp / / 2
Audio Files
Medium Quality- Size / .mp3 / / 1
Highest Quality- Size / .wav / / 2
Video Files
Highest Quality- Size / .avi / / 1
Low Quality – Size / .wmv / / 2
Executable Files
Like programs & Games / .exe / / 1
Compressed Files
Compressed by Windows / .zip / / 1
Compressed by WinZip / .zip / / 2
Compressed By Winrar / .rar / / 3
Microsoft Office Files
Microsoft Excel / .xlsx / / 1
Microsoft Power point / .pptx / / 2
Microsoft Access / .accdb / / 3
Microsoft Word / .docx / / 4
NETWORKS
What is a Network?
It is a set of two or more computers connected to exchangeinformation and share resources. Computers in a network can be set up in different ways to suit the need of users.
Main Parts of Network architecture:
-Client:It is a computer connected to the network and doesn’t have any control or privilege.
-Server:Itis a computer that is responsible for controlling network resources.
-Resources: All files, printers and other hardware or software that the network users can share.
Benefitsof Networks
Two main benefits of computer networks are sharing of resources and exchanging information.
a.Sharing of resources
Each computer in a network can share its resources with other computers over the network. For example one printer can be shared by the whole classroom.
b.Exchanging information
Information such as study materials or presentation can be exchanged using emails over the internet.
Classification of Network
Computer Networks are classified into different types based on the following:
a.According to Network’s Transport Media (wired and wireless).
Wired Networks / Wireless NetworksNetworks set up by using the transport medium, such as wires or cables. Example: Telephone lines. / Networks that use radio waves to transmit data. Examples: Bluetooth, satellites.
b.According to Network’s Geographical Media (LAN, MAN, WAN).
LAN / MAN / WANLocal Area Network / Metropolitan Area Network / Wide Area Network
They are group of computers connected together in the same region or a limited area. / Also known as regional networks. It is used as links between offices located within a city. / A network that connects computers over wide geographical area either countrywide or worldwide.
c.According to Network’s Management Media (Peer-to-Peer, Client-Server).
Peer-to-Peer Networks / Client-Server NetworksEach PC is an equal participant on the network / One PC acts as the network controller
Access to the network is not centrally controlled / Network access and security are centrally controlled
Can operate on a basic PC operating system / Need a special operating system
Are generally simpler and lower cost / Are generally more complex but give the user more control
Examples: Homes and small business. / Examples: Universities, Banks.
FIELDS OF USING COMPUTERS IN OUR DAILY LIFE
-Computers in Education:Schools have computerlabs that give students access to different program.
-Computers in Management: Computers increase company's performance in helping with collecting data and producing reports.
-Computers in Banks: ease the access for bank account through ATM.
-Computers in Medical Fields:Computers help in organizing hospital files, also help in diagnosing diseases.
-Computers in Pharmacy:Computers help in tracking pharmacy's storage system and financial transactions.
-Computers in Industry Field:
Artificial Intelligence (AI): It is a part of Computer Science which aims to design intelligent computer systems to help in solving problems. One of these systems is Robot.
Robot: It is a machine created to simulate the human being activities in a fast and organized manner. Works that can be performed by the Robot are:
-Welding and plumbing
-Handling dangerous materials
-Defusing bombs
CONCEPTS OF INFORMATION
Tele-working:Working from home and communicating with the office by phone, fax and computer is called Tele-working.
Advantages:
- Reduced or zero commuting time
- Greater ability to focus on one task
- Flexible schedules
- Reduced office space requirements
Disadvantages:
- Lack of human contact and competition
- Negative impact on teamwork
- No Self-discipline
E-Documents:Documentsor files which are created by the computer applications, e.g. text documents, are referred to as e-documents.
Advantages:
- Reduces the need for printed material (books) which reduce the cost of printing.
- Easy to sharethese files online.
- Easy to browse or search for a file on the computer. You can also use the search facility.
E-Commerce:Buying or selling via the internet usually using a credit card is called
E-commerce. Payment method of E-commerce involves the use of Visa Card or Master Card.
The Advantages of the E-Commerce:
- Global Market: you can buy from any country.
- Open 24 hours a day.
- Saves the client's time.
The Disadvantages of E-Commerce:
- Risk in payment due to disclosure of credit card number or bank account.
- The risk of information leakage during transport, to a hacker who might change the name of the buyer.
SAFETY AND HEALTH
Right methods to deal with the computer:
- The screen: Adjust the screen's brightness settings and position so that it is comfortable for your eyes.
- The keyboard:It should be in front of you, and under your hand. It should not be in the same level or above your hand.
- You should putthe mouseover a mouse pad to save it from dust.
- The chairandthe tableshould be adjustable and in good height.
- Use cleaning tools to clean up the computer.
- Use original ink and good paper for printing.
Health Problems which are caused by the wrong use of computers:
- Wrong distance from the computer screen can result in vision problems and eye inflammation.
- Incorrect posture in front of the computer can cause neck pain, back pain and leg pain.
- Inappropriate height of the table and chair can lead to back problems.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROTECTION: