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S/V: Subject Verb Agreement

VT: Consistent Verb Tense

AWK WC: Awkward word Choice

W WC: Weak Word Choice

REP: Repetitious

AWK: Awkward Sentence Structure

TRANS: Need a Transition or Awkward Transition

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Writing Mini Lesson One

1)Jonathon Edwards began his speech with a respectful, yet a disturbingly angry tone that was meant to discourage any of the audience’s views on his speech, and present them a feeling as if he thinks of us as someone that is worthless and undeserving with what god’s has created. The way he delivers his message is so horrified that made his audience into believing him.

The author, Jonathon Edwards use the rhetorical devices in a negative, angry attitude on his readers and help this appeal of it, to give the audience a feeling of fear of not converting and the wrath of god.

Writing Mini Lesson Two

2) Edwards threatens the audience that God holds sinners over the pit of hell “much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect” over the “fire and abhors” them with “dreadfully provoke”(48). This comparison between their future and the fate of the spider or an insect implants concerns in the audience because Edwards has taken away their hopes of getting to journey to heaven away.

Writing Mini Lesson Three

3) Edwards uses a variety of rhetorical device to create and environment of fear.’’ [Natural men are held in the hand of God, over the pit of hell;](46) this gives them the feeling that only God has the power to save them unless they were to be “reborn”. The sanitation of being powerless and insignificant compared to God is like “a spider’s web would have to stop a fallen rock”(47) meaning they have no security of being saved from Gods ruins. However if the sinners decide to be “reborn” they will be “in the house of God, it is nothing but His mere pleasure that keeps you from being in the moment swallowed up in the everlasting destruction”(48). Edwards choice of words terrorize the sinners that at any given point “if God should only withdraw His hand from the floodgates, it would immediately fly open and the fiery floods of the fierceness and wrath of God, would rush forth with inconceivable fury, and would come up on you with omnipotent power”(47) and will destroy them with out mercy. In the course of the horror images and analysis that Edward gives pushes the sinners to reach for Gods hand and to be ‘reborn”.

Writing Mini Lesson Four

4) The rhetorical device that is being used is a metaphor. The speaker used it so that it can create and atmosphere that compares things together. It affects the audience by the words he use or how he compares it. “There is the dreadful pit of the glowing flames of the wrath of god; there is hell wide gaping mouth open; and you have nothing to stand upon, nor anything to take…”(47).

4) Jonathan Edwards executes and dark and frightening place by developing parallelism to make the audience feel defenseless. Edwards advise “nothing to lay hold of yourself, nothing to keep off the flame, nothing of your own” the destiny is chose by God and there is nothing to alter it “nothing that you ever done, nothing you can do, to induce God to spare you on moment” (48). This installs the fate that God selected and there is nothing to change it because Edwards demonstrates to the audience that they didn’t change in any way. The audience feels powerless because of the sins committed and they made no effort to be pure.

6) Edward creates a dark, dreadful feeling of how God’s anger is pointed at those who are sinners and he is ready to strike giving personification to show the audience how powerful and scary one object is with God.This comparisons between God and the bow are two things that are very powerful and can do major damage he sets an example to let the readers comprehend how mad God is for the sinners and he feels no sorrow for those who deals with his wrath.

Painting an image within the reader or audience’s head leads to them becoming even more emotionally affected. When imagery is used in ‘Sinners’ it paints t a picture of hell, making people picture the horrible and nightmarish wasteland and letting them ‘see’ the devil and fires within it, frightening them. “The devil is waiting for them, hell is gasping for them; the flames father and flash about them, and would fain lay hold on them and swallow then up.” (46). Many people fear fire, and the devil is a constant symbol of evil in many religions and cultures. The way the sermon is said, and how imagery is used created a fantastic picture of In conclusion, the author of ‘ Sinners’knew how to use common fears of natural dangers and the religious fear of the devil to persuade and influence his audience

7)Edwards makes the audience feel unease and hopeless by using an analogy which creates horror and apprehension. He states that “all [their] righteousness and good deeds on earth will not keep them from falling into hell.” This builds the feeling of insecurity because there are no good acts that can be done to withdraw the fate of falling into hell. “Any more than a spider’s web would have to stop a falling rock.” (47). This analogy of falling into hell is as easy as a rock falling through a spider’s web, this forms the feeling of anxiety. The feelings of anxiety and insecurity lead the audience to feel the need to find a Savior, to reach to “the hand of God.”

8) Edwards constructs a feeling of death and frightfulness by pressuring the correspondent to hell from just their wickedness. “Your wickedness makes you as it were heavy as lead, and to tend downward with great weight and pressure towards hell” (47). The smile clearly signifies the true definition of wickedness, how evil one can be because they aren’t truthful. This quote also talks about going downward with great weight and pressure towards hell, this gives the reader such a amusing thought of what is the perfect weight and pressure. Within this story the author gives each reader a feeling of distinction and looking up towards the light and take a hold of a pain.

Random Errors

Example:

Edwards uses many rhetorical devices to make his listeners formulate a sense of fear and dread inside of them. He makes them want to be saved, to want to undergo a “great change of heart” so that they can be spared from such horridness and devastation that God is holding back (Page). Edwards also makes his listeners feel like there is no other salvation but to reborn. Edwards uses metaphors along with imagery to assist his listeners to comprehend the wrath of god and what they will have to face if they are not “reborn”.For instance Edwards explains how gods wrath is like a dam that is just building up and will soon enough be broken because God will may withdraw his “hand” holding back the water from drowning and murdering everyone who is not yet “reborn”

9)He advices them that “The bow of God’s wrath is bent, and Justice bends the arrow at their heart” (47).Edward compares Gods worth to a bow and arrow striking their heart for justice. The bow and arrow symbolize death for the sinners, who sin, therefore the shouldn’t sin. Through his use of a comparison and justice metaphor, he draws the attention out for reaching into “God’s hand” closer.

10) In this sermon God is described as an angry god and the sinners are described as worthless lead. “The wrath of God is like great waters that are dammed for the present”. (47) Edwards wants each person to understand that people compared to God are absolutely nothing.

11) In order to move them, Edwards instills a sense of fear in his readers by strongly enforcing the rhetorical devices: imagery and metaphor. “The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect over fire, abhors you…” (48). Here, Edwards applies both imagery and metaphor to his sermon by painting a gory picture of God holding his sinners over a burning, fiery pit of Hell, in disgust.