Postgraduate Medical Education Centre

CURRICULUM

FOR

MD RESIDENCY PROGRAM

IN

OPHTHALMOLOGY

POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION CENTRE

AFFILIATED TO

UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES OF BHUTAN

Contents

1.PROGRAMME OVER VIEW

2.GOALS

3.LEARNING OUTCOMES OF THE PROGRAMME

4.CORE COMPETENCIES

5.LEARNING STRATEGY

6.CLINICAL ROTATION

7.COURSE OUTLINE

8.COURSE CONTENT

9.LOG BOOK MAINTENANCE

10.THESIS

11.EVALUATION

12.AWARD

13.Annexure I

14.Annexure:II

15.SUGGESTED READING REFERENCES –

1. PROGRAMME OVER VIEW

An ophthalmologist is a doctor of medicine (MD or equivalent degree) who specializes in the eye and visual system. As a licensed medical doctor, the ophthalmologist’s ethical and legal responsibilities include the care of individuals and populations suffering from diseases of the eye and visual system. Such care requires not only core competencies for an ophthalmic physician, but also a set of specialized cognitive capabilities and an array of technical skills. Specialist training is designed to provide a structured program of learning that facilitates the acquisition of knowledge, understanding, skills and attitudes to a level appropriate for an ophthalmic specialist who has been fully prepared to begin his/her career as an independent consultant in ophthalmology.

1. GOALS

To produce competent, compassionate and community oriented ophthalmologist capable of providing specialized routine and emergency eye care services.

1. LEARNING OUTCOMES OF THE PROGRAMME

1. To train residents to diagnose and manage all ophthalmological diseases/ conditions.
2. To diagnose and manage complicated ophthalmic diseases/conditions with existing facilities and make timely referrals to higher centres wherever deemed necessary.
3. To manage general ophthalmological emergencies.
4. To train residents on the delivery of community-based eye care services.
5. To inculcate qualities for sound judgment and deduction essential for provision of quality care.
6. To develop skills for continuous self-learning and critical appraisal of recent advances in Ophthalmology.

1. CORE COMPETENCIES
2. Patient care
3. Medical knowledge
4. Practice-based learning and improvement
5. Interpersonal and communication skills
6. Professionalism
7. Systems-based practice

4.1 Patient Care

Residents must be able to provide patient care that is compassionate, appropriate, and effective for the treatment of health problems and the promotion of health. Residents are expected to:

1. communicate effectively and demonstrate caring and respectful behaviors when interacting with patients and their families;
2. gather essential and accurate information about their patients;
3. make informed decisions about diagnostic and therapeutic interventions,
4. based on patient information and preferences, up-to-date scientific evidence,
5. and clinical judgment;
6. develop and carry out patient management plans;
7. counsel and educate patients and their families;
8. use information technology to support patient care decisions and patient
9. education;
10. perform competently the medical and invasive procedures considered essential
11. for the area of practice;
12. provide health care services aimed at preventing health problems and maintaining health;
13. Work with health care professionals, including those from other disciplines, to provide patient-focused care.

4.2 Medical Knowledge

Residents must demonstrate knowledge about established and evolving biomedical, clinical, and cognate (e.g. epidemiological and social-behavioral) sciences and the application of this knowledge to patient care. Residents are expected to:

1. demonstrate an investigatory and analytic thinking approach to clinical situations;
2. Know and apply the basic and clinically supportive sciences which are appropriate to ophthalmology.

4.3 Practice-based Learning and Improvement

Residents must be able to investigate and evaluate their patient care practices, appraise and assimilate scientific evidence, and improve their patient care practices. Residents are expected to:

1. analyze practice experience and perform practice-based improvement activities using a systematic methodology;
2. locate, appraise, and assimilate evidence from scientific studies related to their patients’ health problems;
3. obtain and use information about their own population of patients and the larger population from which their patients are drawn;
4. apply knowledge of study designs and statistical methods to the appraisal of clinical studies and other information on diagnostic and therapeutic effectiveness;
5. use information technology to manage information, access on-line medical information; and support their own education; and
6. Facilitate the learning of students and other health care professionals.

4.4 Interpersonal and Communication Skills

Residents must be able to demonstrate interpersonal and communication skills that result in effective information exchange and teaming with patients, patients’ families, and professional associates. Residents are expected to:

1. create and sustain a therapeutic and ethically sound relationship with patients;
2. use effective listening skills and elicit and provide information using effective nonverbal, explanatory, questioning, and writing skills; and
3. Work effectively with others as a member or leader of a health care team or other professional group.

4.5 Professionalism

Residents must demonstrate a commitment to carrying out professional responsibilities, adherence to ethical principles, and sensitivity to a diverse patient population. Residents are expected to:

a) demonstrate respect, compassion, and integrity;

b) be responsive to the needs of the patients and society;

c) be accountable to patients, society, and the profession;

d) be committed to excellence and on-going professional development;

e) Demonstrate a commitment to ethical principles pertaining to provision or withholding of clinical care, confidentiality of patient information, informed consent, and business practices; and

f) Demonstrate sensitivity and to patients’ culture, age, gender, and disabilities.

4.6 Systems-based Practice

Residents must demonstrate an awareness of and responsiveness to the larger context and system of health care and the ability to effectively call on system resources to provide care that is of optimal value. Residents are expected to:

1. understand how their patient care and other professional practices affect other health care professionals, the health care organization and the larger society, and how these elements of the system affect their own practice;
2. know how types of medical practice and delivery systems differ from one another, including methods of controlling health care costs and allocating resources;
3. practice cost-effective health care and resource allocation that do not compromise quality of care;
4. advocate for high quality patient care and assist patients in dealing with system complexities; and
5. know how to partner with health care managers and health care providers to assess, coordinate, and improve health care and know how these activities can affect system performance

Professional attitudes and conduct require that residents must also have developed a style

of care which is:

- humane (reflecting compassion in providing bad news, if necessary; the management of the physically impaired; and recognition of the impact of physical impairment on the patient and society);

- reflective (including recognition of the limits of his/her knowledge, skills and understanding);

- ethical;

- Integrative care of children, the handicapped, the systemically ill, and the elderly.

- Scientific (including critical appraisal of the scientific literature, evidence-based practice and use of information technology and statistics).

1. LEARNING STRATEGY

1. Learning strategies will cover different aspects of training viz. :

1. Theory, including applied basic science classes
2. Clinical approach and examination of patients

1. Skills or procedures, by hands on training, dummy or main kind training
2. Mandatory basic courses etc.
3. Stress will be given on the practice of evidence based medicine

1. The MD resident will actively participate in:

1. Case presentation
2. Seminar(correlation seminar or integrated approach)
3. Journal clubs
4. Topic presentation
5. Grand round or clinical meetings
6. Clinico-pathological conferences
7. Mortality meetings
8. Radiological demonstration
9. Bed side clinical teaching
10. Lectures
11. Inter-faculty and inter-hospitals/Institutions topics discussion

1. There will be facilities for structured training by teachers to the students in relevant areas.Classes in applied basic sciences will be arranged in the first year from basic science teachers and concerned clinicians as required - example every fortnight. Relevant mandatory basic courses of about 3 days each will be arranged as in annexure.

1. The subject committee needs to arrange necessary teaching and training in:

1. Respective basic science and clinical components
2. Basic approach required for the specialty
3. Skills mentioned in the log book and
4. Respective basic mandatory courses

1. CLINICAL ROTATION

Clinical training will be done by rotation in the JDW NR Hospital, Thimphu, a teaching hospital identified for UMBS where they will be residents and will be given graded responsibilities in patient management. The rotation will also extend to other teaching hospital identified in the country and institutions outside the country.

1. First Year Rotation

1. The resident will rotate in a manner to gain knowledge in –

1. Foundation in ophthalmology
2. Applied basic sciences
3. Basic surgical skills
4. Ocular radiology
5. Ocular pharmacology
6. Basic OT management and instrument sterilization.

1. The resident will have to do 24 hours duty at least thrice a week

1. Second Year Rotation:

1. The residents will rotate in the following sub-specialties

1. Paediatric ophthalmology and Adult strabismus
2. Oculoplasty and orbit
3. Cornea and Anterior Segment
4. Glaucoma
5. Retina
6. Neuro-ophthalmology – where unit exists
7. Refraction or contact lens or low vision.
8. Community ophthalmology
9. Investigative procedures in ophthalmology like USG, FRA, EP, visual field analysis, ICG, Hess charting, etc.
10. Uvea

1. The Third Year Rotation

1. The residents will have to do 24 hours duty at least twice a week
2. Decision making training in the major specialty
3. In the third year beside the base hospital posting, that is, JDW NR Hospital, Thimphu, provision should be made for the residents to rotate in other eye hospitals in the country

1. Fourth Year Rotation

1. Decision making in various management of the patients
2. Training in the major specialties
3. Perform duty 24 hours at least once a week
4. Supervise the junior residents in various sub-specialty postings
5. Teaching of junior residents, MBBS, ophthalmic assistants and other health sciences students and other Departmental Health Staff on relevant subjects posted in the sub-specialties
6. Provision for posting residents outside country hospitals/ Institutions with objective of enhancing in certain subspecialty areas where the parental institution is lacking.

1. COURSE OUTLINE

The full course entails completing four years with corresponding breakup of the training as outlined.

5.1 Knowledge for year one Residents

1. First Year Rotation

a. The resident will rotate in a manner to gain knowledge in –

i. Foundation in ophthalmology

ii. Applied basic sciences

iii. Basic surgical skills

iv. Ocular radiology

v. Ocular pharmacology

vi. Basic OT management and instrument sterilization.

• The resident will have to do 24 hours duty at least thrice a week

5.2 Skill Development in the FIRST Year

a. Carry out all aspects of ocular examinations-visual acuity, colour vision, ocular motility, slit lamp biomicroscopy, direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, applanation tonometry, gonioscopy, exophthalmometry and others where applicable.

b. Optical managements like retinoscopy, subjective and objective refraction, keratometry, biometry, visometry, anterior segment and fundus photography and visual fields.

c. Minor procedures – corneal scraping, corneal foreign body removal, syringing and probing, epilation, etc.

 Microsurgical skill should be developed with wet lab practice.

 Operation theater management including instruments and equipment.

 Perform minor ocular surgeries under supervision and observe and assist eye surgeries.

 Prescribe appropriate ophthalmic medications.

 Interpret X-ray, USG, and CT-MRI images for ocular pathologies and lesions.

 Participate actively in community eye care activities: eye camps, clinics, school health programs, community health workers’ trainings and conduct IECH activities.

5.3 Knowledge of year two residents – Second Year Rotation

1. The residents will rotate in the following sub-specialties

1. Paediatric ophthalmology and Adult strabismus
2. Oculoplasty and orbit
3. Cornea and Anterior Segment
4. Glaucoma
5. Retina
6. Neuro-ophthalmology – where unit exists
7. Refraction or contact lens or low vision.
8. Community ophthalmology
9. Investigative procedures in ophthalmology like USG, FRA, EP, visual field analysis, ICG, Hess charting, etc.
10. uvea

5.4. Skill Developments in the SECOND Year Resident:

i. Competent to manage basic ophthalmic conditions.

ii. Develop surgical skill on lids, ocular surface (Pterygium), lacrimal passage (DCT/DCR), cataract surgeries.

iii. Surgical skills in assisting simple retinal detachments, squint, glaucoma and orbital surgeries

iv. Management of ophthalmic emergencies

v. Investigative skills –ultrasonography, electrophysiology, fundus fluorescence angiography, ophthalmic and radiological interpretations

vi. Attend to at least two eye camps with the faculty

5.5. Knowledge for year three Residents –

i. The Resident should have knowledge of eye patient in the OPD cases

ii. Ocular diseases

iii. Operative steps in ophthalmic surgeries: pre- intra- and post-operative care

iv. Ocular emergencies

v. Community ophthalmology

vi. Laser ophthalmology

5.6. Skill Developments in the THIRD Year:

i. Manage general and special ophthalmic conditions

ii. Manage in general the ward rounds

iii. Operate on Pterygium, extra– capsular cataract surgery, peripheral iridectomy, simple lid surgeries, DCT surgery, assist simple squint surgery and retinal detachment surgeries.

iv. Manage ophthalmic emergencies

v. Manage eye camps

vi. Perform laser surgeries such as YAG Capsulotomy and peripheral iridectomy.

5.7. Knowledge for year four Residents –

i. Ocular disease and systemic diseases related to eye

ii. steps in Ophthalmology

iii. Community ophthalmology

5.8. Skill Developments in the Fourth Year:

i. Manage general and special ophthalmic conditions including systematic diseases related to eye.

ii. Manage inpatients

iii. Operate on Pterygium, extra – capsular cataract surgery, peripheral iridectomy, Trabeculectomy, lid surgeries, DCT/DCR surgery, simple squint surgery, and simple retinal detachment surgeries

iv. Manage ophthalmic emergencies

v. Manage eye camps and clinics

vi. Perform all levels of laser surgeries

1. COURSE CONTENT

6.1. Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology

1. Optical Principles
2. Conjunctiva, cornea and sclera
3. Lens
4. Glaucoma
5. Uveitis
6. Retina and vitreous
7. Ocular adnexa and orbits
8. Extra ocular muscles
9. General medicine in relation of ophthalmology
10. Neuro-ophthalmology
11. Investigative ophthalmology

6.2. The Optical Principles in Ophthalmology

1. Optics and refraction
2. Contact lens
3. Low vision

6.3. Expected outcome

The candidate should develop a sound knowledge of the optical principles of the eye ball and the management of errors of optical anomalies with various optical methods.

The candidate should be able to

1. Measure the visual acuity of all patients including infants and children
2. Perform retinoscopy
3. Perform keratometry, A and B scan biometry, visometry
4. Prescribe glasses and contact lenses
5. Assess low vision and prescribe aids accordingly
6. Assess the patient selection for refractive surgery

6.4. Subject Contents

1. Light and its properties
2. The principles of reflection and refraction
3. The optical system of eye
4. Spherical and cylindrical lenses
5. Prisms and its use
6. Visual acuity and methods of testing visual acuity
7. Retinoscopy, keratometry, visometry
8. Subjective and objective refractions
9. Bifocals and spectacle intolerance
10. Basic optical principle of contact lens
11. Indications and contractions of contact lens
12. Clinical evaluations and fitting of contact lens
13. Complication of contact lens
14. Low vision aids
15. Refractive surgery
16. Excimer laser and LASIK
17. Refractive errors
18. Asthenopsia
19. Colour vision and colour blindness.

6.5. Conjunctiva, Cornea and Sclera

Expected outcome:

1. Should have knowledge of embryology anatomy and physiology of conjunctiva, cornea and sclera.
2. Should have knowledge of ocular microbiology and should be able to perform diagnostic laboratory techniques
3. Should be able to diagnose and manage the disease of conjunctiva, cornea and sclera

6.6. Subject Content:

6.6.1. Conjunctiva, Cornea and Sclera

1. Embryology Development of Conjunctiva, Cornea and Sclera

2. Congenital Anomalies of Cornea and Sclera

a. Anomalies of the globe and sclera

1. Cryptophthalmos
2. Micro-ophthalmos
3. Blue sclera

1. Anomalies of size and shape of cornea
2. Microcornea
3. Megalocornea
4. Cornea plana

3. Normal Physiology of the Ocular Surface

a. Tear film

b. Cornea transparency

c. Microscopic anatomy of conjunctiva, cornea and sclera

d. Blood supply and nerve supply

e. Drug delivery through cornea

4. Tear Deficiency States and Nutritional Disorders

1. Dry eye(keratoconjunctivitis sicca)
2. Mucin tear deficiency
3. Xerophthalmia (Vitamin A deficiency)

5. Infectious Diseases of Conjunctiva, Cornea , Sclera

1. Defense mechanism
2. Normal ocular flora
3. Ocular microbiology
4. Ophthalmia neonatorum
5. Bacterial conjunctivitis
6. Follicular conjunctivitis
7. Bacterial keratitis
8. Fungal keratitis
9. Acanthamoeba keratitis
10. Trachoma
11. Inclusion keratoconjunctivitis
12. Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis
13. Herpes simplex keratoconjunctivitis and keratitis
14. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus

1. Immune Medical Disorders of Conjunctiva, Cornea and Sclera

1. Ocular immunology
2. Clinical features and management of –

1. Hay fever conjunctivitis
2. Perennial allergic conjunctivitis
3. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis
4. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis
5. Steven-Johnson syndrome
6. Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid
7. Mooren’s ulcer
8. Episcleritis
9. Peripheral corneal ulcerations
10. Scleritis

1. Corneal Dystrophy and Metabolic Disorder Involving Conjunctiva Cornea and Sclera

1. Principles of genetics
2. Epithelial dystrophy
3. Stromal dystrophy
4. Endothelialdystrophy
5. Keratoconus

1. Degenerative Disorder of the Conjunctiva, Cornea and Sclera

1. Pinguecula
2. Pterygium
3. Conjunctival concretions
4. Epithelial and sub-epithelial degenerations of cornea
5. Stromal degenerations
6. Drug induced depositions and pigmentation
7. Scleral degeneration-senile plaque

1. Toxic and Traumatic Injuries of Conjunctiva, Cornea and Sclera

a) Principal of wounds healing