Post-Decolonization: Southwest Asia

WHAP/Napp

Cues: / Notes:
  1. Geopolitical Significance of Southwest Asia (The Middle East)
  1. Region’s strategic/economic importance as world’s key source of petroleum
  2. Two thirds of the world’s crude _____ is produced in the Middle East
  3. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), founded in 1960, is dominated by states from the Middle ______
  4. Conflict between urge to modernize and adherence to ______Islam
  5. Destabilizing effect of the Arab-Israeli conflict since 1948
  1. Egypt
  1. Arab nationalism in Egypt, which became an independent republic in 1952
  2. By 1954, Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser had taken control of the government
  3. Great booster of ______, Nasserequally great proponent of pan-Arabismunity among Arab states
  4. Pan-Arabism failed, but Nasser was successful in modernizing his country
  5. In 1956, Nasser took step of declaring Egyptian ownership of ______Canal
  6. Move prompted Suez crisis, in which French, British, and Israeli troops tried to ______canal
  7. USA and USSR wishing to avoid a serious armed conflict, forced British, French, and Israelis to ______, leaving canal in Egyptian hands
  8. Nasser strengthened ties with Soviet Union, at least temporarilyhelped construct constructed the Aswan Dam, the world’s ______
  9. But when Soviets attempted to exert too much control over Egyptian politics, Nasser ______them
  10. Nasser died in 1970Succeeded by Anwar el-Sadatdrew Egypt closer to U.S.A., and in 1978, became first ______leader to recognize state of Israel
  11. Sadat was assassinated by Islamic militants in 1981Afterwards, Hosni Mubarak served as Egypt’s ______But Arab Spring/democracy (2010)
  1. Israel
  1. In 1917, British issued Balfour Declaration, publicly stated intention to create a Jewish homeland in ______– whose population, during the late 1910s, was 90 percent Arab
  2. After World War II and horrors of ______, international sympathy for Jews, along with strong U.S. support, led to establishment of state of Israel, in May 1948
  3. It is also important to remember ______, Theodore Herzl, who clarified and gave political weight to the concept of Jewish nationalism - or Zionism
  4. Herzl witnessed Dreyfus Affair and ______that Jews could never be safe in a Christian-dominated and anti-Semitic Europeneeded a homeland

Summaries:
Cues: /
  1. In September 1894, an ______note to the German military attaché in Paris was found, leaking French army secrets
  2. A brilliant young army captain, Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewgovernment’s alleged culprit but innocentcase of blatant ______/Anti-Semitism
  3. But founding of modern state of Israel in 1948 stirred up Arab outrage and plunged Middle East into ______
  4. Israelis had to fight a war in 1948 simply to keep the state that had been given themwars led to effect of displacing ______of Palestinian Arabs
I.In 1964, the Palestinian diaspora gained a semblance of leadership with the formation of Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), a terrorist group and political movement led by Yasser ______
J. Arab states fought several wars against Israel, most notably the Six-Day War in 1967 and the Yom Kippur ______in 1973
K. 1980s, the Palestinian ______of Israel staged a continuous uprising called the intifada
L. Peace efforts have continued but issues of land, ______, and security have made the peace settlement difficult
IV. Iran
  1. Last shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, ruled from 1941 to 1979
  2. Shah used Iran’s oil wealth to industrialize and ______
  3. Shah opposed Islamic traditionalism and became ally of ______
  4. Shah relied on repression to carry out modernization: ______were ruthlessly suppressed by the secret police (SAVAK)
  5. In 1979, the Shiite cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, an ______fundamentalist the Shah had exiled years before, returned to Iran and took control of the country
  6. Transformed the country into an anti-Western (particularly anti-U.S.), theocratic dictatorship
  7. The Iran-Iraq War lasted from 1980 to 1988, and ______both countries
  8. But many Iranians want greater political freedoms (“Green Movement”)
V. Iraq
A. Iraq came under the control of Saddam Hussein in 1979
B. Originally sponsored by the United States because of his ______to Iran
C. In 1990, invaded the oil-rich state of Kuwait and appeared ready to do same to Saudi Arabia
D. Gulf War (1991)force Hussein to accept 1991 cease-fire agreement, which included abolishing of chemical and biological ______programs
E. Continued refusal to cooperate with UN’s inspectors in search for ______of mass destruction, USA invaded Iraq in 2003Hussein tried and executed
VI. Afghanistan
  1. Islamic fundamentalism led to the creation of a strictly theocratic government ______the Taliban
  2. Comprised of Afghans trained in religious schools in ______along with former Islamic fighters or mujahedin (fighters against the Soviet invasion)
  3. Over thrown by USA after 9/11

Summaries:

Questions:

Theodor Herzl's Zionism was the direct result of
A) His shock at a government order revoking the citizenship of all French Jews.
B) His shock at the army's persecution of Alfred Dreyfus.
C) His frustrated desire to emigrate to America.
D) A religious revelation that European Jews should return to the Holy Land.
E) A wave of persecution against Jews living in the Ottoman empire.
2. In which Middle Eastern nation did a Shiite theocracy succeed a secular, modernizing monarchy.
(A) Iraq
(B) Jordan
(C) Syria
(D) Saudi Arabia
(E) Iran
3. Britain withdrew from Palestine in 1947 because
(A) Their mandate had ended.
(B) They could not resolve the conflict between Palestinians and Jews.
(C) The United Nations demanded that they leave.
(D) The Arab states demanded that they leave.
(E) All of the above.
4. Since the creation of Israel, Israel has fought and defeated all of the following neighboring states except
(A) Egypt.
(B) Iraq.
(C) Jordan.
(D) Syria.
(E) Israel has defeated all of the above. / 5. Egyptian president Gamel Abdel Nasser gained great international prestige when
(A) He negotiated a peace settlement with Israel.
(B) He succeeded in retaking the Suez Canal from the British.
(C) He aligned Egypt with the United States.
(D) He aligned Egypt with the Soviet Union.
(E) He reclaimed the Sinai Peninsula from Israel.
6. The French fought to retain Algeria because
(A) They refused to be intimidated by terrorists.
(B) Algeria provided valuable mineral resources.
(C) There were two million French settlers in Algeria.
(D) President Charles de Gaulle had dreams of a restored French empire.
(E) All of the above.
7. The nonalignment movement failed because
(A) Of a lack of vision or leadership among member states.
(B) Too few states attended the Bandung Conference to achieve consensus.
(C) Many nonaligned states needed and accepted aid from either the United States or Soviet Union.
(D) Many new states were afraid to alienate the United States.
(E) All of the above.

Speech by President Nasser of the United Arab Republic, September 15, 1956

“In these decisive days in the history of mankind, these days in which truth struggles to have itself recognized in international chaos where powers of evil domination and imperialism have prevailed, Egypt stands firmly to preserve her sovereignty. Your country stands solidly and staunchly to preserve her dignity against imperialistic schemes of a number of nations who have uncovered their desires for domination and supremacy.

In these days and in such circumstances Egypt has resolved to show the world that when small nations decide to preserve their sovereignty, they will do that all right and that when these small nations are fully determined to defend their rights and maintain their dignity, they will undoubtedly succeed in achieving their ends. . . .

I am speaking in the name of every Egyptian Arab and in the name of all free countries and of all those who believe in liberty and are ready to defend it. I am speaking in the name of principles proclaimed by these countries in the Atlantic Charter. But they are now violating these principles and it has become our lot to shoulder the responsibility of reaffirming and establishing them anew. . . .

We have tried by all possible means to cooperate with those countries which claim to assist smaller nations and which promised to collaborate with us but they demanded their fees in advance. This we refused so they started to fight with us. They said they will pay toward building the High Dam and then they withdrew their offer and cast doubts on the Egyptian economy. Are we to declaim [disclaim?] our sovereign right? Egypt insists her sovereignty must remain intact and refuses to give up any part of that sovereignty for the sake of money.

Egypt nationalized the Egyptian Suez Canal Company. When Egypt granted the concession to de Lesseps it was stated in the concession between the Egyptian Government and the Egyptian company that the company of the Suez Canal is an Egyptian company subject to Egyptian authority. Egypt nationalized this Egyptian company and declared freedom of navigation will be preserved.

But the imperialists became angry. Britain and France said Egypt grabbed the Suez Canal as if it were part of France or Britain. The British Foreign Secretary forgot that only two years ago he signed an agreement stating the Suez Canal is an integral part of Egypt.

Egypt declared she was ready to negotiate. But as soon as negotiations began threats and intimidations started. . . .

Those who attack Egypt will never leave Egypt alive. We shall fight a regular war, a total war, a guerrilla war. Those who attack Egypt will soon realize they brought disaster upon themselves. He who attacks Egypt attacks tile whole Arab world. They say in their papers the -whole thing will be over in forty-eight hours. They do not know how strong we really are…

We shall defend our freedom and independence to the last drop of our blood. This is the stanch feeling of every Egyptian. The whole Arab nation will stand by us in our common fight against aggression and domination. Free peoples, too, people who are really free will stand by us and support us against the forces of tyranny…”

Thesis Statement: Change Over Time:Southwest Asia 1900 – 2000______

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