Portlandcommunity College, Sylvania Campus

PortlandCommunity College, Sylvania Campus

BI 231 Lab

Supplemental Package

PCC-Sylvania BI 231 Laboratory Supplement

1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, and clean upmaterials for chemical spills. Your instructor will demonstrate the location of fire blanket, safety kit, andshowers.

2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab.

3. Food and drink, including water, are prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal laboratory guidelinesand per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of any kind, store food or applycosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may be on the benches.

4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at the rear of thelaboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving in rear for this purpose.

5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair ties areavailable, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory. Shoes, notsandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apron or lab coat if youdesire, but it is not required.

6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, taking

immunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes, immunologicaldefect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory must inform the instructorimmediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals, please inform instructor.

7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution.

Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving the dissectionof preserved material.

8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or when instructed todo so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners.

9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfacessoiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes witha sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.

10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify your instructorof any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transfer to water baths or hotplate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for any spill.

11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter how minor, to theinstructor immediately.

12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.

Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines

will be excluded from the Laboratory

Safe Disposal of Contaminated Materials

Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper towels that have come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable Autoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.

Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket of 10% bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, not trash.

Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do not replace their covers.

1. Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided.

2. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.

3. Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or stored in Carosafe/Wardsafe.

4. Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by your instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate the need for gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used (MSDS). Ask your instructor.

5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the best condition, please use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument.

a. Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as are the models and may take a long time to replace.

6. At the end of an experiment:

a. Clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time.

b. Return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in cupboards!

7. You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory.

8. Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are clean, use lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet. Be sure cord has been coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope be checked before you put it away. Be sure it is in assigned cupboard.

9. Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Before placing slides in box, clean it with Kimwipes if it is dirty or covered with oil. If you break a slide, please, inform you instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there is hundreds of dollars worth of slides in each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying to and from your workbench.

10. Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in trash containerprovided.

Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines

and directions will be excluded from the Laboratory

Please Read

You are beginning a very intense laboratory course. Before you come to class you will want to review what the study focus is for that day’s lab. This is important because you will be liable (tested) for the information listed in your study guide and manual. There are lists of terms that you are required to know, as well as tables and diagrams. These are testable as well. If there are slides listed in the study guide then you are also liable to identify these structures under the microscope on quizzes or on practicals. There will also be various models that are available in the classroom which will be used in the tests. It is up to the student to identify the structures on these models. Remember, majority of your practicals will be on these models. Please do not think that you will be able to look at the pictures in the book and do well on quizzes and practicals. YOU NEED TO SPEND TIME WITH THE MODELS!

Some labs will have exercises that are required. Please make sure that you understand what was learned in these exercises because these are also fair game to be used for questions in the tests.

Each lab will start with a 10 point quiz. You are required to be in attendance at the beginning of each lab. You will receive a zero on the quiz if you miss it. There will not be quizzes on the weeks we have a practical or the week after a practical. If you stay in lab only long enough to take the quiz and then leave soon after the lab will be counted as a missed lab.

Spelling can account for up to 10% off of your grade so please be careful. Also be aware of singular and plural usage because these mistakes will count as spelling errors.

Absences: You cannot miss more than two labs and still pass the course. Also you can only attend another instructor’s class once during the quarter. This must be approved by both instructors. If you attend another instructor’s lab without permission your quiz will be automatically thrown out.

There are review sheets at the end of each exercise that we recommend that you do. You will not receive credit for these pages but they will help you study the material and prepare for the tests.

Any material found in the lab manual can be used for the extra credit questions.

If you have any questions please contact Marilyn Thomas, Lab Coordinator () Thank you!

BI 231

Anatomy and Physiology I

Lab 1: Organs, Systems and Organization of the Body:

Today’s Lab Objectives:

1. Be able to identify the organ systems and organs listed on any of the models found in lab
2. Know the functions of the organ systems
3. Know the basic organs found in the organ systems
4. Be able to use directional terms to identify body structures
5. Be able to determine from illustration or written description planes of the body
6. Be able to identify major regions of the body
7. Identify abdominal quadrants and 9 abdominal regions and major organs found in each
8. Be able to identify the superficial muscles on the muscle men

The Organ Systems

Reproductive

Gonads (testes and ovaries)

Urinary

Kidneys, urinary bladder

Nervous

Brain and spinal cord

Muscular(muscles)

Skeletal(bones)

Respiratory

Nose, larynx, trachea and lungs

Lymphatic

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and tonsils

Integumentary

Skin

Digestive

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver

Endocrine

Thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas

Cardiovascular

Heart, blood and blood vessels

What is Anatomical Position?

Directional Terms:

Superior

Inferior

Medial

Lateral

Superficial

Deep

Ventral (anterior)

Dorsal (posterior)

Proximal

Distal

Contralateral

ispsilateral

Planes:

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Coronal (frontal) plane

Sagittal plane

Midsagittal

Parasagittal

Body Cavities:

Dorsal

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

Ventral

Thoracic

Mediastinum

Pleural

Visceral pleura

Parietal pleura

Pericardial

Visceral pericardium

Parietal pericardium

Abdominal pelvic

Abdominal

Pelvic

Regions of the body:

Cranial

Cephalic

Facial

Frontal

Orbital

Buccal

Mental

Nasal

Oral

Nuchal (back of neck)

Cervical

Acromial

Axillary

Thoracic

Pectoral

Sternal

Brachial

Abdominal

Umbilical

Cubital (elbow)

Antebrachial

Scapular

Vertebral

Lumbar

Sacral

Gluteal

Coxal

Inguinal

Pubic

Patellar

Digital

Pedal

Tarsal

crural

Femoral

Manual

Calcaneal

Popliteal

Carpal

Abdominal Regions

Nine RegionsFour Quadrants

Right hypochondriacright upper quadrant

Left hypochondriacleft upper quadrant

Epigastricright lower quadrant

Right lumbarleft lower quadrant

Left lumbar

Umbilical

Hypogastric

Right iliac (inguinal)

Left iliac (inguinal

Muscles to know:

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

Deltoid

Pectoralis major

External abdominal oblique

Rectus abdominis

Biceps brachii

Triceps brachii

Latissimus dorsi

Sartorius

Rectus femoris

Tibialis anterior

Gluteus maximus

Semitendinosus

Biceps femoris

Gastrocnemius

Lab 2: Tissues

Quiz #1: Anatomical Terminology

Today’s Lab Objectives:

1. Be able to identify the various tissues under the microscope
2. Be able to associate tissues with organs in which they are found
3. Know the functions of the various tissues
4. Identify the muscle types

Epithelial Tissue

Know Characteristics of epithelial tissues:

How are epithelial tissues named?

*Simple squamous epithelium:

Locations where found:

Functions:

*Simple cuboidal epithelium

Locations where found:

Functions:

*Simple columnar epithelium

Locations where found:

Functions

*Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (ciliated and non ciliated)

Locations where found:

Functions:

*goblet cells

*Stratified squamous epithelium (Keratinized and Non keratinized)

Locations where found:

Functions:

*Transitional epithelium

Locations where found:

Functions

Membranes

Serous

Visceral

Parietal

Muscle Tissues

*Skeletal Muscle

Characteristics:

Functions:

*Cardiac Muscle

Characteristics:

Functions:

*Smooth Muscle

Characteristics:

Functions

Connective Tissues

Know the distinguishing characteristics of connective tissues

Matrix

Ground substance (Know which tissues have solid, liquid or gel)

Fibers

*Know the fibers

Collagen

Elastic

Reticular

Cells

Fibroblasts

Fibrocytes

*Adipocytes

*Chondrocytes

*Osteocytes

Mesenchyme

Fibrous Connective Tissues

*Dense regular connective tissue

Characteristics:

Locations where it can be found in the body:

*Dense irregular connective tissue

Characteristics:

Locations where it can be found in the body:

*Elastic connective tissue

Characteristics:

Locations where it can be found in the body

Loose connective tissue

*Reticular connective tissue

Characteristics:

Locations where it can be found in the body

*reticular fibers

*Areolar connective tissue

Characteristics:

Locations where it can be found in the body

*collagen fibers

*elastic fibers

*Adipose tissue

Description:

Location in the body:

Cartilage

*Hyaline cartilage

Description:

Location in the body:

*Fibrocartilage

Description:

Location in the body:

*Elastic cartilage

Description:

Location in the body:

*chondrocytes

Lacuna

Perichondrium

*Bone

*Central canal

*Osteocytes

osteons

Description:

Functions:

*Blood

Plasma

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Leukocytes (WBCs)

Platelets

Description:

Functions:

• Be able to identify on histology slides

Lab 3: Integumentary System

Quiz #2: Histology

Objectives:

1. List the two layers of the integument
2. List and identify all the layers of the epidermis
3. Describe the structure and function of sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands and be able to identify them on both models and slides
4. Identify the hair follicle in longitudinal and cross section
5. Be able to identify meissner’s and Pacinian corpuscles on both models and slides
6. Describe the hypodermis

Epidermis- Stratified squamous epithelium hardened with keratin

*Stratum basale

Basement membrane

Melanocytes

*Stratum spinosum

Desmosomes

*Stratum granulosum

Keratohyalin granules (precursors of keratin found in the outer most layer of epidermis)

*Stratum lucidum

Only found in the palms of the hand and soles of the feet

*Stratum corneum

Dermis – majority of the fibers are irregularly arranged collagenous with lesser numbers of elastic and reticular fibers

*Papillary layer (areolar connective tissue)

*Meissner’s (tactile) Corpuscles

Merkel (tactile) discs (also found in lower epidermis)

*Reticular layer(Dense irregular connective tissue)

*Pacinian (lamellated) Corpuscle

Warm and cool receptors

Pain receptors

Hypodermis(adipose and areolar connective tissues)

Integumentary Glands

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

*Eccrine (merocrine) glands

*Apocrine glands

Lactiferous (milk) glands

*Sebaceous (oil) glands

Sebum

Ceruminous (earwax) glands

Hair

*Hair follicles

*Hair

*Shaft

*Root

*Hair bulb

Types of hair

Determinate hair

Indeterminate hair

*Dermal papilla

Root sheath

*Piloerector (arrector pili) muscle

Cross section of hair

Medulla

Cortex

Melanin

Cuticle

Nails

Nail body

Free edge

Eponychium

Nail root

Nail bed

Lunule

Hyponychium

Nail groove

Nail folds

* Be able to identify on histology slides and models where available

Lab 4: Introduction to skeletal and nervous systems (pages 55-79)

Quiz #3: Integumentary system

Objectives:

Describe the composition if bone tissue

Describe the microscopic structure of compact bone

Be able to identify structures listed on models and under microscope

Describe the 3 parts of the neuron

List the main divisions of the nervous system

Describe the functions of the various neuroglias

Skeletal system

Axial skeleton: skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

Appendicular skeleton:

Pectoral girdle: clavicle, scapula

Upper extremity: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Pelvic girdle: hip bone

Lower extremity: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Composition of Bone Tissue

Organic material

Collagenous fibers

Inorganic material

Hydroxyapatite

Bone Shapes

Long bone

Short bones

Flat bones

Irregular bones

Bone Morphology

Epiphyses

Diaphysis

Articular cartilage

Epiphyseal plate

Epiphyseal line

Compact bone

Spongy bone

Trabeculae

Marrow cavity

Red marrow

Yellow marrow

Diploe

Periosteum

Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

Nutrient foramina

Perforating (Volksmann’s) canals

Endosteum

Microscopic Structure of Bone

Osteons

Central (haversian) canal

Perforating canals

Lacunae

Osteocytes

Canaliculi

Lamellae

Concentric

Circumferential

Interstitial

Bone Cells

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Osteoclasts

Osteogenic cells

Nervous System

Neuron

Axon

Axon hillock

Dendrite

Neurosoma

Neuroplasm

Nissl bodies

Nucleus

Neuron Shapes

*Multipolar neuron

Bipolar neurons

Unipolar neurons

Synapses

Synaptic knob

Neurotransmitters

Electrical synapse

Neuroglia

PNS

Schwann cell

Nodes of Ranvier

Myelin

Myelin sheath

Saltatory conduction

CNS

Oligodendrocytes

Astrocytes

Microglia

Ependymal cells

Specialized Neurons

*Pyramidal cells

*Purkinje cells

*Be able to identify on histology slides

Please use the extra time in lab to review for the practical next week!

Lab 5 – Practical #1

The practical will cover all the material discussed in the last 4 weeks of lab

Terms to know, labeled figures, tables, any additional info outlined in the package

Models

Images

Microscopes (images will also be provided for histology questions)

75 questions

Timed stations

Lab 6 – Axial Skeleton

No Quiz

Lab Objectives:

By the end of today’s lab you should be able to identify the bones and markings listed below on bones of the skull.