APHG Unit Two Vocabulary

Term / Definition / Example / Illustration (in color)
Demography / The scientific of statistical study of population
Distribution / Refers to the arrangement of locations on the earth’s surface where people live
Arithmetic Density / Total number of people divided by land area; used most often by geographers
Physiological Density / Divides the number of people into square km of arable land
Arable land / Land suitable for agriculture
Agricultural Density / The number of farmers per unit of arable land
Carrying Capacity / The number of organisms an area can support
Term / Definition / Example / Illustration (in color)
Crude Birth Rate / The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Total Fertility Rate / The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years
Demographic Momentum / This is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution.
Crude Death Rate / Also called the mortality rate; the total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society
Infant Mortality Rate / The number of deaths among infants under one year of age for each 1000 live births in a given year
Natural Increase Rate / The difference between the number of births and deaths during a specific period; calculated as BR-DR=NIR (excludes migration)
Life Expectancy / The average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels

Population Pyramids and the Demographic Transition Model

Term / Definition / Example / Illustration (in color)
Population Pyramid / Represent a population’s age and sex composition
Rapid Growth / Pyramid characterized by large birthrate, low life expectancy; true pyramid shape
Slow Growth / Pyramid characterized by a birthrate at replacement level and long life expectancy; rectangular
Negative Growth / Pyramid characterized by birthrate below replacement levels and very high life expectancy and death rate; upside down triangle
DTM-Stage 1
Slow Growth / Pre-industrial societies; children desirable as labor sources; Death rates high, NIR close to zero, Birth rates high
DTM-Stage 2
High Growth / Brought on by industrialization (agriculture); high birth rates, drop in CDR; also known as the epidemiological transition
DTM-Stage 3
Moderate Growth / Brought on by the Industrial Revolution; BR and TFR drop as people become urbanized; CDR also decreases
DTM-Stage 4
Low Growth / Post-industrial economies; CBR continue to fall; steady death rates; population grows slowly or even decreases (Stage 5)

World Regional Populations

Region / Countries included / Notes
East Asia / China, Japan, Korean Peninsula, Taiwan
South Asia / India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia / Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia, Borneo, Papua New Guinea, Philippines
Europe / All European Countries

PopulationRevolutions

Region / Characteristics / Notes
Neolithic Revolution
8,000 BCE / Natural increase rate was close to zero; domestication of plants and animals allowed population to increase; birth rates stayed high, death rates decreased
Industrial Revolution
1850ish / Brought about major improvements in technology that created an unprecedented amount of wealth; birth rates fell and death rates also decreased
Medical Revolution
1950ish / Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

Unit Two Geographers and Theorists

Theorist / Theory / Illustration in Color
Thomas Malthus
1798; Great Britain / Theorized that population increases exponentially whereas agriculture increases linearly; eventually, the world would run out of food
Paul Ehrilch
1968; United States / Wrote “The Population Bomb”; warned others about how the world's population was increasing too quickly and was outpacing our food production; supported international programs for birth control and family planning
Ernst Ravenstein
1885; Great Britain / Wrote 11 migration laws based on internal migration within England;

Unit Two Population Policies

Term / Countries included / Notes
Anti-natal Policies
Prevents High CBR / China, India
Pro-natal Policies
Encourages higher TFR / Japan, Germany
Term / Definition / Example / Illustration (in color)
Circulation / Short-term repetitive movement that occurs on a regular basis (activity space)
Migration / The permanent move to a new location; either within a single country or from one country to another
Emigration / Migration from a location
Immigration / Migration to a location
Net Migration / The difference between emigration and immigration; is not part of a country’s Natural Increase Rate
Gravity Model / Interaction is proportional to the multiplication of the two populations divided by the distance between them (distance decay).
Critical Distance / The distance beyond which cost, effort, and means strongly influences willingness to travel
Forced or Involuntary Migration / human migration flows in which the movers have not choice but to relocate; could be related to natural disasters or government policies
Term / Definition / Example / Illustration (in color)
Voluntary Migration / movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced. Usually related to economic factors
Push Factors / Encourage people to move from the regions where they live; usually accurate
Pull Factors / Attract people to new locations; perceptual (not always accurate)
Economic Factors / Push and pull factors related to economics (job opportunities or land availability); number one push and pull factor
Cultural Factors / People who fear their culture and traditions will not survive a major political transition often migrate
Refugees / People forced to migrate from their homes who cannot return for fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality, or political opinions
Environmental Factors / Can facilitate or hinder migration is they present intervening obstacles
Internal Migration / Migration within a country; interregional (between regions) or intraregional (within one region)
Term / Definition / Example / Illustration (in color)
International Migration / Migration from one country to another
Transnational Migration / migrants who set up homes and/or work in more than one nation-state (People that may work in one country at one season, then in another another season)
Chain Migration / people follow others of preceding friends or family along their migratory paths
Step Migration / migration involving people to move upward as far as rural to urban, such as farm, then the outskirts, an average neighborhood, then to a city
Transhumance / a system of pastoral farming in which ranchers move livestock according to the seasonal availability of pastures
Rural to Urban Migration / permanent movement from an agrarian sparsely populated region to a densely populated metropolitan area
Migration Selectivity / The tendency of certain types of people to move; influenced by age, education, kinship and friendship ties
Space-Time Prism / Sets the limit of people’s activities; people have limited time and space is limited by the ability to move

US Migration Patterns

Migration Era / Description / Notes
Initial Settlement of Colonies
Beginning in the 1600’s / Majority of immigrants were from Great Britain; forced migration of Africans involved in slave trade
Emigration from Europe to the US
Beginning in 1800’s / 1st Wave: Irish and Germans (1840s-1850s)
2nd Wave: Northern and Western Europe (late 1800’s)
3rd Wave: Southern and Eastern Europe (early 1900s)
Immigration Since 1845 / Changes in immigration laws created a new mix of immigrants; 1986 Immigration and Control Act provided citizenship to thousands of undocumented workers

World Intraregional Migrations

Region / Countries included / Notes
North America / United States
South and Southwest Asia / Afghanistan and Pakistan
Southeast Asia / Cambodia
The Balkans / Yugoslavia
Sub-Saharan Africa / Rwanda, Sudan

The Demographic Transition ModelRavenstein’s Migration Laws

Types of Population Pyramids