Polyandrous Mating in Treetops: How Male Competition and Female Choice Interact to Determine

Polyandrous mating in treetops: how male competition and female choice interact to determine an unusual carnivore mating system

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology

Mia-Lana Lührs * • Peter M. Kappeler

* Mia-Lana Lührs

Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany

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Estimate / SE / df / t / P
Intercept / 3.00 / 0.23 / 8 / 13.262 / <0.0001
Male body mass 7-9 / 0.02 / 0.24 / 8 / 0.103 / 0.9181
Male body mass ≥ 9 / 0.53 / 0.24 / 8 / 2.173 / 0.0308
Termination by rival male / -0.07 / 0.20 / 8 / -0.326 / 0.7451
Aggression received per approachz / -0.73 / 0.33 / 8 / -2.224 / 0.0271

(b) Determinants of male monopolization of mating timez (LMM)*

Estimate / SE / df / t / P
Intercept / -1.45 / 0.21 / 8 / -7.007 / <0.0001
Male body mass 7-9 / 0.39 / 0.20 / 8 / 1.997 / 0.0494
Male body mass ≥ 9 / 0.42 / 0.19 / 8 / 2.250 / 0.0274
Nights mating / 0.55 / 0.09 / 8 / 5.950 / <0.0001
Presence during peak period / 0.53 / 0.20 / 8 / 2.664 / 0.0095

(c) Determinants of male monopolization of peak mating timez (LMM)*

Estimate / SE / t / P
Intercept / -0.09 / 0.22 / -0.418 / 0.0052
Male body mass 7-9 / 0.70 / 0.30 / 2.323 / 0.6087
Male body mass ≥ 9 / 0.80 / 0.28 / 2.872 / 0.0039
Aggression received per approachz / -0.37 / 0.12 / -2.976 / 0.2853

(d) Determinants of female aggressionz against males (LMM)*

Estimate / SE / df / t / P
Intercept / -0.42 / 0.11 / 11 / -3.830 / 0.0002
Male body mass 7-9 / 0.04 / 0.13 / 11 / 0.282 / 0.7784
Male body mass ≥ 9 / 0.53 / 0.12 / 11 / 4.603 / <0.0001
No. approachesz / 0.18 / 0.11 / 11 / 1.699 / 0.0909
Peak period / 0.02 / 0.13 / 11 / 0.194 / 0.8467
Post-peak period / 0.29 / 0.12 / 11 / 2.453 / 0.0151
Male body mass 7-9 : no. approachesz / 0.08 / 0.14 / 11 / 0.538 / 0.5915
Male body mass ≥ 9 : no. approachesz / 0.77 / 0.13 / 11 / 5.972 / <0.0001

(e) Determinants of likelihood to receive solicitations (GLMM, binomial regression)*

Estimate / SE / z / P
Intercept / -2.78 / 0.80 / -3.472 / 0.0005
Male body mass ≤ 7 / 1.97 / 0.65 / 3.014 / 0.0026
Male body mass 7-9 / 1.39 / 0.67 / 2.080 / 0.0376
Pre-peak period / -0.09 / 0.69 / -0.132 / 0.8947
Post-peak period / 0.71 / 0.62 / 1.155 / 0.2479

* Statistically significant predictors are depicted in bold.

Z Response variable was z-transformed.

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