Planning in Hawai'i and Pacific Islands
PLAN 632 (3 credits)
Instructor: Luciano Minerbi (tel. 808-956-6869); e-mail:
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
Porteus Hall 116, University of Hawai'i at Manoa
Honolulu, HI 96822
Wednesday: 2:00-4:30 p. m.
UH Catalogue Description:
Urban and regional planning in island settings. Experiences in Hawai'i, Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia. Pre: graduate standing, open to non majors.
Spring 1997 DURP Course List:
Urban and regional planning in island settings. Governance, central and local planning and indigenous cultures. Compatible, sustainable and affordable development. Sovereignty, local autonomy and customary land rights. Land tenure, land use and native trusts. Infrastructure village, settlement and town plan making. Environmental management in island ecologies. Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia.
Course Organization:
Starting points are the indigenous cultures and island ecologies. Land tenure, the native land trusts and customary systems are studied with regard to modern development and change that island nations face:
Part I. The Cultural & Ecological Basis for Planning. Indigenous values, cosmologies and metaphors. Social relations and social organization. Cultural stress and adaptation. Sacred places, wahi pana, and pu'uhonua. The ahupua'a as a modern planning district. Subsistence, production intensification and ecology.
Part II: Political and Economic Dimensions of Planning. Decolonization, nation building and sovereignty of island states and implication for planning. Hawaiian Sovereignty. Dependency and integration of island microeconomies with metropolitan countries. Constraints and opportunities for sustainable island development and self-reliance. The case of medium size islands.
Part III. People Settlements and Lands. Emerging patterns of urbanization and population dynamics in the Pacific Basin. Migration, circulation and displacement. Employment and development. The evolving settlement and village system. Land tenure and indigenous rights. The management of native land trusts and 'ohana based homestead planning.
Part IV. Island Planning. Contemporary subsistence as a preferred lifestyle. Agroforestry and food gardening. Fishponds restoration and aquaculture planning. Planning in ethnically mixed communities. The planning system in an island setting. Development impacts, environmental management & conservation. Eco-cultural tourism in Pacific islands.
Assignments:
I. Literature Review. (30% of grade). Written and oral presentation of readings and constructive seminar discussions leading to the generation of two short theme papers (4 pages of text single-spaced each) containing useful principles of island planning for two of the course topics. Literature from the class topics is selected in consultation with the instructor and includes four articles or chapters and one video on Hawaii or Pacific islands. Two planning documents or books. Content: write discussion questions, summary and critique: ideology, conceptual/theoretical base of the author, study questions and method, supporting data, utility for planning, relevance for island people/environments. The purpose of this assignment is to ensure a minimal coverage of the readings illustrative of the class topics. Higher grade is given to reviews integrating summary and critique of the selected references.
II Term Paper. (60% of grade) 18 pages single-spaced plus references and maps. Case study of an island planning situation, impact on indigenous, local people and island environment. Examples:
• Relationship/impact between the island national development plan and a locality and community: government and bureaucracies..
• Relationship between sectoral project development and a locality & community.
• Formulation/evaluation of an ideologically based plan/program. E.g. political economic integration vs. independence; environmental sustainability vs. exploitation: co-management and partnerships .
• Native lands and trust boards and (Hawaiian) homestead planning, issues and practices: ‘ohana based planning, . based planning and planning for sovereignty.
• Indigenous knowledge and indigenous cultural aspects and practices useful in island planning: customs and contemporary subsistence practices.
• Small town and village planning, infrastructure and service needs.
• Community initiate programs and projects (e.g. Community Land Trusts, Co-op., Co-management, etc.).
• Eco-cultural and village based tourism. Etc.
Assessments: Class attendance, active participation in seminar discussions (10%), written and oral presentations of readings and case study paper, (30%); and a 18 pages single spaced term paper (60%). Range B: 75-85; A: 85-100.
Due dates: (1) Theme papers and assigned readings due on a rotation basis, so as to cover the class meetings. (2) Written term paper proposal due January 29 (topic, problem/asset, questions to investigate, approach, how the study can be used and by whom, table of content, and detailed references). three pages single-spaced plus references. Term paper proposal counts 10/60 of the term paper grade. (3) Schedule a meeting with the instructor to discuss the first draft in March. (4) The final paper is due April 23.
References: There is an extended reference list of articles, books, planning reports and student papers on Hawai'i and Pacific islands. The required readings are contained in the reader (phone order 949-4516 at Copy Connection Puck's Alley), supplemental readings are on reserve at the DURP Document Center or are at the UH Hawai'i and Pacific Collection. Additional documentation can be found at the EWC research libraries.
Output: Expanded knowledge and understanding of island development planning, processes, policies and programs. Training in conceptual and analytical approaches to development planning in small town/village and rural settings. Improvement in the ability to analyze planning problems and plans in different cultural and environmental contexts with a focus on Pacific islanders.
PLAN 632 SCHEDULE
PART I. THE CULTURAL & ECOLOGICAL BASIS FOR PLANNING (WEEK 1-4)
Jan. 15Indigenous Values, Cosmologies and Metaphors as a Basis for Planning
Social Relations and Social Organization
Jan. 22Cultural Stress and Adaptation
Sacred Places, Wahi Pana, and Pu'uhonua
Jan. 29The Ahupua'a as a Planning District
Feb. 5Subsistence, Production Intensification and Ecology
PART II. THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF PLANNING (WEEK 5-7)
Feb. 12De-colonization, Nation Building and Sovereignty
Feb. 19Hawaiian Sovereignty
Feb. 26Sustainability and Economic Development in Pacific Island Nations
PART III. PEOPLE, SETTLEMENTS, AND LANDS (WEEK 8-10)
March 5Population and Urbanization in the Pacific Basin
March 12The Settlement System and the Village in Pacific Islands
March 19Land Tenure and Indigenous Rights
Native Land Trusts and Homesteads Planning
PART IV. ISLAND PLANNING (WEEK 11-15)
March 26Holiday: Ku|hio| Day
April 2Contemporary Subsistence as a Preferred Lifestyle
April 9Agroforestry and Food Gardening
Fishponds Restoration and Aquaculture Planning
April 16Planning in Ethnically Mixed Communities
The Planning System in an Island Setting
April 23Development Impacts, Environmental Management & Conservation
Eco-Cultural Tourism in Pacific Islands
PART V. STUDENT PRESENTATIONS (WEEK 16-18)
April 30Students' Final Paper Presentation
May 7Students' Final Paper Presentation & Course Evaluation (last day of class)
May 14Students' Final Paper Presentation(exam time reserved for presentations)
PLAN 632 References
Maps of the Pacific Islands, Country Summary Statistics (Handout)
Note: Items marked • are required readings
INTRODUCTION: STEPS IN THE PLANNING PROCESS
• Berry, Brian. 1978. “Four Policy Making Styles”. The Human Consequences of Urbanization (Handout).
• Department of Urban and Regional Planning. 1994. “A Summary of Oregon Visioning Model” December 1994. Kane'ohe Vision 2020 Neighorhood Based Study. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i (Handout).
• Dinell, Tom and Kem Lowry. “Comparisons of Three Modes of Planning” (Handout).
• Anonymous. 198? “Ideologies of Development” (Handout).
• Haomae, William. May 8, 1981. “Development Wheel of Rural Growth”. New Drum. Solomon Islands.
• Minerbi, Luciano. 1995. “Cultural Based Model of Communal Work (Handout).
• Queen Lili’uokalani Children’s Center. 1994. Strategic Plan 1995-2000. Honolulu (Handout).
• Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation. 1985. “Seven Steps’ Framework”. Achieving a Self-Reliant Neighborhood: A Seven Step Decision Making Framewok (Handout).
• Roughan, John. May 8, 1981. “Development Wheel of Rural Growth” (Handout).
• Thetadig, Rita . 1995 “Learning Fa’a Samoa”; Minerbi, Luciano. 1.1996. “Fa’amatai”; Filemoni, Pauline & Mikayo Yamazaki 2/28/96. “Village Level Revisions”; “Extended Family”; Village Landscape (Handout).
• U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. 1995. “Planning Process Steps: Taking Action Vision/Reality. (Handout).
PART I. THE CULTURAL & ECOLOGICAL BASIS FOR PLANNING
Indigenous Values, Cosmologies, and Metaphors
• Bonnemaison, Joel. 1994. "The Meaning of Tanna's Kastom". Ch. 18: 302-314. The Tree and the Canoe: History and Ethnogeography of Tanna. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
Dudley, Michael. 1990. Man, Gods and Nature. Na Kane o Ka Maka Press: Honolulu.
• Heaukulani. 1988. "Some Key Aspects of Hawaiian Cosmology". Honolulu: UH. (Handout).
Kame'eleihiwa, Lilikala. 1922. •"Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors" 19-51; "Methaphor Disfugured" 67-95; "The Transformation of Pono" 137-168. Native Land And Foreign Desires: How Shall We Live In Harmony? Honolulu : Bishop Museum Press.
Kanahele, George. 1986. Ku Kanaka, Stand Tall: A Search For Hawaiian Values. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press: Waiaha Foundation.
Keenan, Danny. 6-9 December, 1995. •"Glossary of Maori Words" and "Constructions of an Indigenous Past". Contested Ground: Knowledge and Power in Pacific Islands Studies. 10th UH Pacific Islands Studies Conference. Honolulu: East-West Center.
• Lake, John K. "Hawaiian Religious Beliefs and Practices Today: A Cultural Identity, a Cultural Survival, a Cultural Balance". Third Workshop on Primal Spirituality. Honolulu: East-West Center.
• Minerbi, Luciano. 1996.“Hawaiian Values and Concepts: The Importance of Beliefs, Values and Behaviors in the Identification and Preservation of Sacred Hawaiian Localities and Sites” Eleventh Pacific History Association Conference and Twenty-First Annual University of Hawai’i Pacific Island Studies Conference: History, Culture and Power in the Pacific. 9-13 Juy 1996. University of Hawai’i at Hilo; April 1991.
• Minerbi, Luciano. 1995. “Planning Process & Islanders”; " Strategy to Include Cultural Values in Planning"; May, 14,1992. "Cultural & Environmental Asssessment Community Input in State / County Plans". Honolulu: DURP. (Handouts)
• Native Hawaiian Advisory Council Inc. 1991. "Hawaiian Code of Conduct". Honolulu (Handout).
• Pasi, Amelia. 1996. “Indigenous Values, Cosmologies, and Metaphors” Literature Review.
Sahlins, Marshall. 1981. Historical Metaphors And Mythical Realities: Structure In The Early History of the Sandwich Islands Kingdom. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Social Relations and Social Organization
• Bonnemaison, Joel. 1994. "Society of the Stones" Ch. 9: 130-145; "Society of the Hawk" Ch 10: 146-156. The Tree and the Canoe: History and Ethnogeography of Tanna. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
Friedmann, John. 1980. "Communalistic Society: Some Principles for a Possible Future":12-41 in Friedmann, Wheelwright and Connell. Development Strategies in the 1980s.
Handy Craighill and Mary Kawena Pukui. 1958. "The Dispersed Community" 1-17. The Polynesian Family System in Ka'u. Honolulu.
• Howard, Alan and John Kirpatrick. 1989. "Social Organization": 47-94 in Alan Howard and Robert Borofsky Development in Polynesian Ethnology. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
• Matsuoka, Jon and Carol Ibanez. June 1993. "Community and Family Life": 39-50 in Luciano Minerbi, Davianna McGregor and Jon Matsuoka, eds. Native Hawaiian and Local Cultural Assessment Phase I. Problems / Assets Identifications. Honolulu University of Hawai'i.
O'Meara, Tim. 1990. "The Changing Matai System": 127-163. Samoan Planters Tradition and Economic Development in Polynesia. Forth Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
Oliver, Douglas. 1989. "Social Relations" Ch. 4: 87-153. Native Cultures of the Pacific Islands. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
Ravuvu, Asesela. 1983. Vaka i Taukei: The Fijian Way of Life. Suva: University of the South Pacific. Institute of Pacific Studies.
• Sengebau, Jerrlyn. 1995. “The Role of Cosmology in Contemporary Planning”. Literature Review.
Shore, Bradd. 1989. "Mana and Tapu" 137-173. in Alan Howard, and Robert Borofsky Development in Polynesian Ethnology. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
United Nations Development Programme. 1994. “Pacific Human Development Report: Putting People First”. Suva.
van Meijl, Toon. December 13-15, 1996. “Maori Tribal Organizations in New Zealand History: From Neglect to Recognition, and the Implications for Assimilation Policy. Third Conference of the European Society of Oceanists: Pacific People in the Pacific Century: Society, Culture & Nature. National Museum, Copenhagen.
Cultural Stress and Adaptation
• Chun, Mary. 1996. “Cultural Stress and Adaptation”. Literature Review.
Lea, David. 1973. "Stress and Adaptation to Change: an Example from the East Sepik District, New Guinea" 55-74 in Harold Brookfield. The Pacific in Transition: Geographical Perspectives on Adaptation and Change. New York: St. Martin Press.
• McCubbin, Hamilton. July 1983. "Cultural Loss and Stress Among Native Hawaiians" Native Hawaiian Educational Assessment Project. Final Report. Honolulu.
• Minerbi, Luciano. June 1993. "Human Well-Being": 51-66 in Luciano Minerbi, Davianna McGregor and Jon Matsuoka, eds. Native Hawaiian and Local Cultural Assessment Phase I. Problems / Assets Identifications. Honolulu University of Hawai'i.
Sacred Places, Wahi Pana, and Pu'uhonua
• Bonnemaison, Joel. 1994. "Enchanted Space" Ch. 8: 113-129. The Tree and the Canoe: History and Ethnogeography of Tanna. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
• Kanahele, Edward. 1991. "Foreword" in: James Van. Ancient Sites of O'ahu : A Guide to Hawaiian Archaeological Places of Interest. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press.
Kelly, Marion. 1957. "The Concept of Asylum". Honolulu. Unpublished Paper. University of Hawai’i.
• Minerbi, Luciano. 1994. "Sanctuaries, Places of Refuge and Indigenous Knowledge in Hawai'i" Ch. 7: 90-129 in: Jon Morrison, Paul Geraghty and Linda Crowl eds. Science of the Pacific Island Peoples: Land Use and Agriculture. Suva: U. of the South Pacific.
• Swan, John. 1990. Sacred Places. Sante Fe: Bear & Co. (Handout)
Navajo Nation Historic Preservation Dept. January 1991. "Navajo Nation Policy to Protect Traditional Cultural Properties". Windo Rock, Unp. Paper.
The Ahupua'a as a Planning District
• Ahupua’a Action Alliance. December 10, 1996. “Goal and Purpose Statement”. Honolulu. (Handout)
• Ahupua’a and Kauhale (Several Handouts).
Handy, Craighill and Elizabeth Green Handy. "Land": 41-45; "Island Divisions or Chiefdoms": 46-56; "Water": 57-66. Native Plants in Old Hawai'i Their Life, Lore and Environment. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Bulletin No. 233.
Kamehameha Schools Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate. 1994. Life in Early Hawai'i: The Ahupua'a. Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press.
• Kane‘ohe & Kailua Ahupua‘a, Environmental Zones and Kuleana Maps (Handout)
Kaho‘olawe Conveyance Commission. March 31, 1993. Kaho'olawe Islands: Restoring a Cultural Treasure. Honolulu.
• Kimura, Glenn. 1976. "Conceptualization of the Ahupua‘a". Fig. in Historical Evolution of Hawaiian Towns. Seattle: University of Washington.
Kirch, Patrick and Marshall Sahlins. 1992. Anahulu : The Anthropology of History in the Kingdom of Hawai'i. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Vol. I & II.
• Minerbi, Luciano. June 1993. "Natural Environment and Cultural Resources": 67-96 in Luciano Minerbi, Davianna McGregor and Jon Matsuoka, eds. Native Hawaiian and Local Cultural Assessment Phase I. Problems / Assets Identifications. Honolulu University of Hawai'i.
Sylva, Moea. l995. “The Ahupua’a” Literature Review.
• Wehrer, Roxanne. 1992. "Ka 'A|ina: Hawaiian Geographic Terms". Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Geography Dept. (Handout)
Subsistence, Production Intensification, and Ecology
• Egan, John Robert. 1996. “Subsistence, Production, Intensification and Ecology”. Literature Review.
Kelly, Marion. 1989. "Dynamics of Production Intensification in Precontact Hawai'i". Ch. 5: 82-106. in Sander Van der Leeuw and Robin Torrence. What's New? A Closer Look at the Process of Innovation. London: Unwin Hyman.
Kirch, Patrick. 1979. "Subsistence and Ecology". Ch. 12: 286-307 in J. Jennings ed. The Prehistory of Polynesia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Kirch, Patrick. 1984. "Polynesian Societies and Ecosystems" Ch. 2 17-40. "Development and Intensification of Production" Ch. 7: 152-194. The Evolution of Polynesian Chiefdoms. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Mills, Kimberly. 1995. “A Literature Review on Production Intensification”. Liteature Review.
• Nason, ? .1975. "Strength of the Land": 121 in Vern Carroll ed. Pacific Populations. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
Nunn, Patrick. November 1994. "Environmental Change and the Early Settlement of Pacific Islands". Honolulu: East-West Center, Working Paper No. 39. Environment Series.
• Torres, Ronnie. 1996. “Subsistence, Production, Intensification and Ecology”. Literature Review.
PART II. INTEGRATION AND INDEPENDENCE OF PACIFIC ISLAND NATIONS
De-colonization, Nation Building, and Sovereignty
• Antonio, Kapulani. 1995. “Hawaiian Sovereignty” . Literature Review.
Bertram, Geoffrey. 1987. "The Political Economy of Decolonization and Nationhood in Small Pacific Societies" 16-31 in Hooper, Antony, Steve Britton, Ron Crocombe, Judith Huntsman and Cluny Macpherson. Class and Culture in the South Pacific. Suva: Centre for Pacific Studies.
• Bonnemaison, Joel. 1994. "Isle of Resilience" Ch. 7: 105-112 and "Conclusion: The Men Ples": 320-326. The Tree and the Canoe: History and Ethnogeography of Tanna. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
Connell, John. 1988."Development and Dependence Toward the Future" Sovereignty and Survival: Island Microstates in the Third World. Research Monograph no. 2. Sydney: Department of Geography, University of Sydney.
Elek, Andrew, Hal Hill and Steven Tabor. 1993. "Liberalization and Diversification in a Small Island Economy: Fiji Since the 1987 Coup" World Development Vol. 21, No. 5, 749-769.
• Firth, Steward. 1989. "Sovereignty and Independence in the Contemporary Pacific". The Contemporary Pacific, Vol. I, No. 1&2 Spring & Fall: 75-96.
Hamnett, Michael. May 8-10 1986. "Critical Issues in Pacific Island Development". Islands 86: Conference of the Islands of the World. Victoria: University of Victoria
• Hau'ofa Epeli. 1987. "The New South Pacific Society: Integration and Independence" in Hooper, Antony, Steve Britton, Ron Crocombe, Judith Huntsman and Cluny Macpherson. Class and Culture in the South Pacific. Suva: Centre for Pacific Studies.
Lal, Brij. 1994. "The Passage Out" 435-461 in Howe, R.K., Robert Kiste and Brij Lal. Tides of History: The Pacific Islands in the Twentieth Century. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
Leonard, Deni. December 1991. "The Reintegration of Tribal Tradition into Tribal Public Policy". Unp. Paper.
Hawaiian Sovereignty
Dudley, Michael and Keoni Agard. 1990. A Call for Hawaiian Sovereignty. Honolulu: Na Kane O Ka Malo Press.
• Hawaiian Sovereignty Election Council. 1995. To Build a New Nations The Choice is Yours. Honolulu. (Handout)
Hawaiian Sovereignty Economic Symposium. June 5, 1993. Hawaiian Sovereignty Economic Symposium Information Packet. Honolulu.
• Hawaiian Sovereignty Election Council (HSEC). 1995. “The Choice is Yours” (Handout).
• Hawaiian Sovereignty Election Council (HSEC). 1995. “A Call for Hawaiian Unity” (Handout).