Physiology of Behavior Module One Outline
WEEK ONE OUTLINE
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Understanding Human Consciousness: A Physiological Approach
A. Blindsight
B. Split Brains
C. Unilateral Neglect
II. The Nature of Physiological Psychology
A. Goals of Research
B. Biological Roots of Physiological Psychology
1. Hippocrates
2. René Descartes
3. Luigi Galvani
4. Johannes Muller
5. Pierre Flourens
6. Paul Broca
7. Gustav Fritsch & Eduard Hitzig
8. Hermann von Helmholtz
III. Natural Selection and Evolution
A. Functionalism
B. Inheritance of Traits
C. The evolution of the Human Species
- Evolution – Animals and Plants
- The Evolution of large brains
- Neotony
IV. Ethical Issues in Research with Animals
CHAPTER 2
I. Structure and Function of Cells of the Nervous System
A. Basic Structure
B. Supporting Cells
II. Communication Within a Neuron
A. Overview
B. Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons - Giant Squid Axon
C. The Membrane Potential: Balance of Two Forces
D. The Action Potential
E. Conduction of the Action Potential
III. Communication between neurons
A. Structure of Synapses
B. Release of Neurotransmitter
C. Activation of Receptors
D. Postsynaptic Potentials
E. Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials
F. Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural integration - effect of multiple connections
G. Autoreceptors
H. Other Types of Synapses
WEEK TWO OUTLINE
CHAPTER 3
I. Basic Features of the Nervous System
A. Anatomical Directions/Orientations Terminology
B. Meninges
C. Ventricular System; Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
II. Central Nervous System
A. Development of the CNS
B. Evolution of the Human Brain
C. Cerebral Hemispheres
(1) Lateralization
(2) Cerebral Cortex - Neocortex
(3) Cerebral Cortex -–old cortex
(4) Limbic System
(5) Basal Ganglia - movement
(6) Cerebellum (standing, walking, coordinated movements)
(7) Spinal Cord
IV. Peripheral Nervous System
CHAPTER 5
I. Experimental Ablation
A. Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage
B. Producing Brain Lesions
C. Stereotaxic Surgery
D. Histological Methods
E. Tracing Neural Connections
F. Study of the Living Human Brain
G. Computerized tomography (CT)
H. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
II. Recording and Simulating Neural Activity
A. Recording Neural Activity
B. Recording the Brain's Metabolic and Synaptic Activity
C. Measuring the Brains Secretions
D. Stimulating Neural Activity
III. Neurochemical Methods
A. Finding Neurons that Produce Particular Neurotransmitters
B. Localizing Particular Receptors
C. Double labeling with two or more methods
IV. Genetic Methods
CHAPTER 13
I. The Nature of Learning
II. Synaptic Plasticity: Long Term Potentiation and Long Term Depression
A. Hippocampal Formation
B. Induction of Long Term Potentiation
C. Role of NMDA Receptors
D. Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity
E. Long Term Depression (LTD)
F. Other Forms of Long Term Potentiation
III. Perceptual Learning
A. Learning to Recognize Visual Stimuli
B. Perceptual Short Term Memory
IV. Classical Conditioning
V. Instrumental Conditioning
A. Basal Ganglia
B. Reinforcement
VI. Relational Learning
A. Human Anterograde Amnesia
B. Spared Learning Abilities
C. Declarative and Non-declarative memories
D. Anatomy of Anterograde Amnesia
E. Role of the Hippocampal Formation in Consolidation of Declarative Memories
F. Episodic and Semantic Memories
G. Spatial memory
H. Confabulation
I. Relational Learning in Laboratory Animals
WEEK THREE OUTLINE
CHAPTER 6
I. The Stimulus
A. Light
II. Anatomy of the visual system
A. Eyes:
B. Photoreceptor layer
C. Connections between eye and brain
III. Coding of Visual Information in the Retina
A. Coding of light and dark
B. Coding of Color
IV. Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Striate Cortex
A. Anatomy of the Striate Cortex
B. Orientation and Movement
C. Spatial Frequency
D. Retinal Disparity
E. Color
F. Modular Organization of the Striate Cortex
V. Analysis of Visual information: Role of the Visual Association Cortex
A. Two Streams of Visual Analysis
B. Perception of Color
C. Perception of Form
D. Perception of Movement
E. Perception of Spatial Location
CHAPTER 7
I. Audition
A. Stimuli
B. Anatomy
C. Auditory Transduction
D. Auditory pathways
E. Behavioral functions of Auditory System
F. Perception
II. Vestibular System
A. Anatomy
B. Function
C. Vestibular pathways
III. Somatosenses
A. Stimuli
B. Anatomy of Skin and its Receptive Organs
C. Somatosensory Pathways
D. Damage
IV. Gustation
A. Stimuli
B. Anatomy of Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells
C. Perception of Gustatory Information
D. Gustatory Pathway
E. Neural coding of taste
V. Olfaction
A. Stimulus
B. Anatomy
C. Pathways
D. Transduction
CHAPTER 8
I. Muscles
A. Skeletal Muscles
B. Physical Basis of Muscular Contraction
C. Sensory Feedback from Muscles
D. Smooth Muscle and
E. Cardiac Muscle
II. Reflex Control of Movement
A. Monosynaptic Stretch Reflexes
B. Gamma Motor System
C. Polysynaptic Reflexes
III. Control of Movement by the Brain
A. Organization of the Motor Cortex
B. Initiating, Imitating, and Comprehending Movements
C. Cortical Control of Movement: The Descending Pathways
D. Deficits of Skilled Movements — The Apraxias (“without action”)
E. Basal Ganglia
F. The Cerebellum
G. Reticular Formation
WEEK FOUR OUTLINE
CHAPTER 11
I. Emotions as Response Patterns
A. Emotional Response
B. Fear – Research with Animals
C. Fear - Research with Humans
D. Anger, Aggression & Impulse Control
E. Anger - Neural Controls of Aggression
F. Hormonal — Links between aggression and reproductive behavior
II. Communication of Emotions
A. Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Reponses
B. Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition
C. Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotion: Expression
III. Feelings of Emotions
A. James-Lange Theory of Emotion
B. Feedback from Simulated Emotions
CHAPTER 14
I. Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
A. Lateralization
B. Speech Production
C. Speech Comprehension
D. Aphasia in Deaf People
E. The Bilingual Brain
F. Prosody: Rhythm, Tone and Emphasis in Speech
G. Stuttering
II. Disorders of Reading and Writing
A. Relation to Aphasia
B. Pure Alexia
C. Toward an Understanding of Reading
D. Toward and Understanding of Writing
WEEK FIVE OUTLINE
CHAPTER 4
I. Psychopharmacology
II. Pharmacokinetics
A. Routes of Administration
B. Distribution of Drugs within the Body
C. Inactivation and Excretion
D. Drug Effectiveness
E. Effects of Repeated Administration
F. Placebo Effects
III. Sites of Drug Action
A. Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters
B. Effects of Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters
C. Effects on Receptors
D. Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Neurotransmitters
IV. Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
A. Brain
B. Spinal Cord
C. Most others are neuromodulators
D. Acetylcholine - activates cerebral cortex & facilitates learning
E. The Monoamines
CHAPTER 16
I. Schizophrenia
A. Symptoms
B. Heritability of Schizophrenia
C. Pharmacology of Schizophrenia: The Dopamine Hypothesis
II. Major Affective Disorders
A. Description
B. Heritability
C. Physiological Treatments
D. Role of Monoamines
E. Circadian Rhythms
WEEK SIX OUTLINE
CHAPTER 9
I. Stages of Sleep
A. Awake
B. Non-REM Sleep
C. Slow Wave Sleep
D. REM Sleep
E. Sleep Cycle
F. Mental Activity During Sleep
II. Disorders of Sleep
A. Insomnia
B. Narcolepsy
C. REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
D. Slow Wave Sleep Problems
III. Why do we sleep?
A. Functions of slow wave sleep
B. Functions of REM Sleep
IV. Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
A. Chemical Control of Sleep
B. Neural control of arousal
C. Neural Control of Slow Wave Sleep
D. Neural Control of REM Sleep
V. Biological Clocks
A. Circadian Rhythms & Zeitgebers
B. Suprachiasmic Nucleus of Hypothalamus
C. The Nature of the Clock
D. Control of Seasonal Rhythms — The Pineal Gland and Melatonin
E. Changes in Circadian Rhythms
CHAPTER 10
VI. Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior
A. Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles
B. Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior in Laboratory Animals
C. Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior:
D. Pheromones
E. Human Sexual Behavior
F. Sexual Orientation
VII. Neural Control of Sexual Behavior
A. Males
B. Females
C. Formation of Pair Bonds
VIII. Parental Behavior
A. Maternal behavior in rodents
B. Hormonal Control of maternal behavior
C. Neural Control of Maternal Behavior
D. Neural Control of Paternal Behavior
WEEK SEVEN OUTLINE
CHAPTER 15
I. Tumors
A. Mass of cells whose growth is uncontrolled
B. Damage through
C. From cells capable of dividing
D. Treatment
II. Seizure Disorders
A. Sudden and excessive activity of cerebral neurons
B. Partial seizures
C. Generalized Seizures
D. Causes
E. Treatment
III. Cerebrovascular Accidents
A. Hemorrhagic Strokes
B. Obstructive stroke
C. Cause of damage
D. Reduce damage
E. Reduce Risk factors
F. Therapy
IV. Disorders of Development
A. Toxic Chemicals
B. Inherited Metabolic Disorders
C. Down Syndrome
V. Degenerative Disorders
A. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
B. Parkinson’s Disease
C. Huntington’s Disease
D. Alzheimer’s Disease
E. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
F. Multiple Sclerosis
G. Korsakoff’s Syndrome
VI. Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases
A. Encephalitis
B. Meningitis
CHAPTER 17
VII. Anxiety Disorders
A. Unrealistic, unfounded fear and anxiety
B. Panic Disorder
C. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
VIII. Autistic Disorder
A. Epidemiology
B. Symptoms
C. Related Disorders
D. Possible Causes of Autism
IX. Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder
A. Six or more of nine symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity
B. Six or more of the symptoms of inattention
C. Persisted more than six months
D. Epidemiology
E. Symptoms
F. Possible Causes of ADHD
G. Treatment of ADHD
X. Stress Disorders
A. Stress Response
B. Health effects of Long Term Stress
WEEK EIGHT OUTLINE
CHAPTER 18
I. Addiction
A. Positive Reinforcement
B. Negative Reinforcement
C. Craving and Relapse
II. Commonly Abused Drugs
A. Opiates
B. Stimulant Drugs: Cocaine & Amphetamine
C. Nicotine
D. Alcohol
E. Cannabis
III. Heredity and Drug Abuse
A. Twin Research
B. Alcoholics
IV. Therapy for Drug Abuse