UNIT NINE
Physiology: Maintaining Homeostasis
STUDY GUIDE
The following is meant as a guide in preparing for this unit test. Questions on your unit exam are not limited to this study guide. However, by completing these questions in detail and reviewing the concepts they pertain to should be a useful tool in your preparation.
1. What factors need to work together to reach equilibrium and maintain homeostasis.
2. Concerning the regulation of homeostasis and making adjustments, what are the functions of the receptor, effector, and control center?
3. What purpose does feedback serve?
4. What is the advantage of sensing and responding to the environment?
5. List three types of inputs to which receptors respond.
6. Define the term neuron and describe what they do.
7. What does brain function involve in order to form an integrated sense of self and the surrounding world?
8. Differentiate between motor and sensory neurons and interneurons.
9. What is the sequence that an impulse travels? Start with a receptor.
10. Describe a neuron at rest and the changes that occur when depolarization occurs.
11. Once depolarization occurs, what resets the neurons charges’?
12. Describe what happens when an electrical impulse reaches a synaptic knob.
13. Define the terms action potential and threshold level.
14. Would all neurons require the same threshold level? What is the effect on the impulse when the axon in which it travels along is myelinated?
15. What is released into the synaptic space/cleft of a neuromuscular junction when the impulse reaches the motor-end plate. What effect does this have on a muscle?
16. What makes up the central nervous system?
17. What are the two kinds of motor neurons? What is the function of each?
18. Describe the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
19. Which senses respond to chemical stimulation?
20. Vision involves the interaction between the brain and what nerve?
21. What is the correct pathway concerning our ability to hear? Start with vibration of the tympanic membrane.
22. Differentiate between rods and cones.
23. To which three stimuli do receptors in the skin respond?
24. What are three main functions of the body’s systems as they maintain homeostasis?
25. List and describe the four components of blood.
26. What are the parts of the circulatory system that help maintain homeostasis?
27. List the functions of the circulatory system.
28. Name and describe the three types of blood vessels.
29. The heart pumps blood high in ______to the body.
30. Distinguish between phase 1 and phase 2 of the heartbeat cycle.
31. What is your pulse the same as? When you “hear” your heartbeat, what are you listening to?
32. In the heartbeat cycle what is diastole? What is systole?
33.What activities might affect your blood pressure?
34. Concerning oxygen and carbon dioxide describe the changes that occur during gas exchange.
35. What happens to the ribs, diaphragm and chest cavity during inhalation? During exhalation?
36. What controls the process of breathing?
37. List the organs of excretion and the wastes they are responsible for removing form our body.
38. What is a nephron?
39. Within the glomerulus, describe how the blood is filtered.
40. How does the kidney conserve water?
41. How do the kidneys maintain homeostasis?
42. Concerning digestion:
- What is the main function of the digestive system?
- What is mechanical digestion and where does it occur? What is peristalsis?
- Where does chemical digestion occur? List the organ, the enzyme or chemical it secretes, and the nutrient being broken down.
- How is the lining of the stomach protected from the digestive acids?
- Where does absorption of all chemicals occur? How is this made possible?
- What happens in the large intestine?
43. What is a hormone?
44. What are two classifications of hormones?
45. Explain how the endocrine system functions as a communication system.
46. How are the endocrine and nervous systems related as they work to maintain homeostasis?
47. What metabolic processes or functions might your hormones affect?
48. Which part of the brain links the nervous and endocrine systems?
49. What is the purpose of a negative feedback loop and how does it work?
50. What determines how much and when a hormone is released from a gland?
51. When compared to the nervous system, both it and the endocrine system maintain homeostasis, but which one will have a longer lasting affect?
52. What results by the presence or absence of hormones that are brought to the brain by the blood?
Review ALL diagrams and know the structure and function of all parts.
Regarding class work and labs:
Review Lab: Reflex and Reaction Time
Review Lab: Investigation Senses
Review Lab: Pulse Rate