NAME ______DATE ______

Physical Science: Semester 2 Exam Review

Chapter 6: The Structure of Matter

  1. Describe an ionic bond:
  1. Describe a covalent bond:
  1. Label each picture as either an ionic bond or a covalent bond.
  1. Elements are made of one single kind of ______

Example - Oxygen

  1. Compounds are made of ______or more ______that are chemically combined

Example – H2O, Water

  1. The way a compound bonds determines many of its ______
  2. Atoms bond when their ______interact.
  3. Atoms with their outermost orbitals full will be more [stable / unstable] than atoms with only [partially / completely] filled outer orbitals.
  4. A single covalent bond shares [one / two] electrons and is represented by [one / two] single line(s)

If the electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally, they are called ______.
/ If the electrons in a covalent bond are NOT shared equally, they are called ______.

  1. This happens because the electrons are ______to the ______of one atom more than the other
  2. What type of bond is formed between two metals? ______
  3. A metal and a nonmetal will create a(n) ______bond
  4. Two nonmetals will form a(n) ______bond
  5. List the steps for naming an ionic compound
  1. List the steps for naming a covalent compound
  1. Compounds should have an overall charge of ______
  1. List the prefixes used in naming covalent compounds:

# of Atoms / Prefix
  1. Name the following ionic compounds:

FeI2: ______

MnF3: ______

CrCl2: ______

CuS: ______

  1. Name the following covalent compounds:

SeO2: ______

SnI4: ______

As2O5: ______

P4S3: ______

Chapter 7: Chemical Reactions

  1. ______occur when substances go through chemical ______to create new ______
  2. The reactants are placed on the [left / right] side of the arrow, and the ______on the right

______ ______

  1. The arrow in a chemical equation means ______
  2. The total amount of energy in the reactants must

[be more / beequal to / be less] than the total amount of energy in the products.

  1. In a chemical reaction, the ______are simply ______to create new ______

EXOTHERMIC / ENDOTHERMIC
Exothermic reactions: ______
______
The amount of energy released as a product is ______than the amount of energy ______to break the bonds
/ Endothermic reactions: ______
______
More energy is needed to ______the bonds in the ______than is given off by forming bonds in the ______

  1. A balanced equation follows the law ______
  2. In order to balance an equation, ______must be added in front of one or more of the ______
  1. Balance

____ H2O  ____ H2 + ____ O2

____ H2 + ____ Cl2 ____ HCl

____ C2H6 + ____ O2 ____ CO2 + ____ H2O

Chapter 10: Nuclear Reactions

  1. What holds protons and neutrons together in a nucleus?
  2. like charges attractingc. strong nuclear force
  3. like charges repellingd. atomic mass
  1. In a stable nucleus, the attractive forces are [ stronger than / weaker than / equal to] the repulsive forces.
  1. In nuclear fission, ______losses in mass produce ______amounts of energy.
  2. small, smallc. large, small
  3. large, larged. small, large
  1. A nuclear chain reaction occurs when excess ______collide with other nuclei.
  1. Fusion produces ______nuclei.
  1. _____ the process by which the sun produces energy
  2. _____ the minimum amount of a substance that can sustain a fission reaction
  3. _____ the splitting of a large nucleus into smaller nuclei, releasing neutrons and energy
  4. _____ the small amount of mass that is converted to energy when nuclei form
  1. Which of the following is not a source of natural background radiation?
  2. the sunc. rocks
  3. X-ray machinesd. soil
  1. What things can affect a person’s exposure to radiation (how much they are exposed to)?
  1. Which of the following is an advantage of nuclear energy as a power source?
  2. Nuclear waste is not radioactive.
  3. Nuclear plants are low in cost.
  4. Nuclear energy does not produce air pollution.
  5. Waste can be stored anywhere.
  6. Which of the following is a disadvantage of nuclear energy as a power source?
  7. Nuclear energy produces less energy than the burning of coal.
  8. Nuclear energy produces air pollution.
  9. Nuclear waste must be safely stored.
  10. The fuel source is very limited.
  1. Whether or not a person develops radiation sickness depends on the ______of the exposure to radiation.
  2. amountc. time of day
  3. temperatured. All of the above
  1. What unit is radiation measured in? ______
  1. What particle in an atom’s nucleus plays a large role in the atom’s radioactive features?
  1. The energy released from an unstable atom is called ______
  1. Sodium-24 has a half-life of 15 hours. How much sodium-24 will remain in an 18.0 g sample after 60 hours?
  1. After 42 days, a 2.0 g sample of phosphorus-32 contains only 0.25 g of the isotope. What is the half-life of phosphorus-32?
  1. If the half-life of uranium-232 is 70 years, how many half-lives will it take for 10 g of it to be reduced to 1.25 g?
  1. Define nuclear radiation.
  1. Define radioactive decay.
  1. How do scientists (specifically archaeologists) use half-life and carbon-14?
  1. When developing the atomic bomb, scientists wondered if they could force a nuclear reaction by bombarding the nucleus of an atom. What is this process called?
  1. How do we use radioactive tracers?

Chapter 11: Motion

Define each of the following.

Motion
Frame of Reference
Displacement
Speed / SI UNIT:
Velocity / SI UNIT:
Acceleration / SI UNIT:
Force
Friction
Static friction
Kinetic friction
  1. Displacement must always indicate the ______, such as 12 blockstoward school.
  1. The distance traveled by an object divided by the time it takes to travel that distance is called ______
  1. The difference between speed and velocity is that velocity includes ______
  1. The force of gravity, the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force are examples of ______.
  1. The combination of all forces acting on an object is the ______.
  1. When the net force on an object is greater than ______, the object will accelerate in the direction of the greater force.
  1. Speed or Velocity?
  2. 88 km / h: ______
  3. 18 m / s down: ______
  4. 10 m / s north: ______
  1. What does the slope of distance vs. time graph indicate?
  1. What 2 things indicate a change in acceleration? ______& ______
  1. Label each picture as balanced or unbalanced forces.

  1. Explain the difference between balanced and unbalanced forces.
  1. How can you lower unwanted friction and increase helpful friction?
  1. Identify the type of friction:
  2. Two students are pushing a box that is at rest. ______
  3. The box pushed by the students is now sliding. ______
  4. The students put rollers under the box and push it forward. ______
  1. The friction between the bristles of your toothbrush and the surfaces of your teeth is an example of

a.rolling friction.c. helpful friction.

b.static friction.d. All of the above

  1. When an object slows down, the acceleration is ______.
  1. You must know ______and ______to calculate speed.

Chapter 12: Forces

Define the following.

Inertia
Weight / SI UNIT:
Free fall
Terminal velocity
Projectile motion
Momentum / SI UNIT:
Newton’s 1st Law
Newton’s 2nd Law
Newton’s 3rd Law
Law of Universal Gravitation
Law of Conservation of Momentum
  1. Which object has the greatest inertia?
  2. a tennis ball c. a beach ball
  3. a bowling ball d. a volleyball
  1. What force causes a skater sliding on the ice to gradually slow down? ______
  1. The value for the acceleration of objects in free fall near Earth is ______
  1. The gravitational force between two objects depends of the masses of the objects and the ______
  2. When objects are moved further apart from each other, the force of gravity between them [increases / decreases]
  1. An object’s momentum is determined by the object’s ______and ______
  1. For each picture, identify which of Newton’s Laws is being demonstrated
  1. If the car you are riding in comes to a sudden stop, ______helps stop your forward motion.
  1. Why don’t action-reaction forces cancel each other out?

Chapter 13: Work & Energy

Define each of the following.

Work / SI UNIT:
Power / SI UNIT:
Energy / SI UNIT:
Potential energy / SI UNIT:
Kinetic energy / SI UNIT:
Mechanical energy
Efficiency / EXPRESSED AS:
Law of Conservation of Energy
  1. If an object is not moving, work is equal to ______.
  1. _____ the sum of an object’s kinetic and potential energies
  2. _____ the energy due to motion
  3. _____ the energy of an object due to its position, shape, or condition
  4. _____ energy that lies at the level of atoms and that does not affect motion on a large scale
  1. The process that transforms light energy into chemical energy in plants is called ______.

34. The primary source of the sun’s energy is

a) chemical energy.c) nuclear fission.

b) nuclear fusion.d) potential energy.

  1. Potential energy is sometimes called ______of ______.
  2. Gravitational Potential Energy depends on the ______of the object and the ______of the object relative to Earth’s surface.
  3. Kinetic energy depends more on ______than it does ______.
  4. Energy that lies at the level of the atom is ______energy.
  5. Only a portion of the work done by a machine is ______work.

Chapter 15: Waves and Chapter 16: Light & Sound

Medium
Mechanical Wave
Electromagnetic Wave
Transverse Wave
Longitudinal Wave
Crest
Trough
Amplitude
Wavelength
Period
Frequency
Doppler Effect
Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction
Constructive Interference
Destructive Interference
  1. Mechanical waves require a ______to travel in.
  2. Draw a transverse wave. Label a crest, a trough, the amplitude, and the wavelength.
  1. A ______wave has perpendicular motion.
  1. A ______wave has parallel motion.
  1. What is the difference between compressions and rarefactions?
  1. A ______wave moves in a circular direction.
  1. Waves move fastest in [ Solid / Liquid / Gas ] – WHY?
  1. How do our eyes detect visible light?
  1. From slowest frequency to fastest frequency, list 7 types of waves on the electromagnetic spectrum.

Chapter 20: The Universe

  1. A light year is a unit of ______. If something is 5.8 light years away,

that means it takes ______years for the light to travel to earth.

  1. The only way to measure a black hole is …
  1. The Big Bang theory states:
  1. It is supported by ______, discovered in 1965
  1. A star is born when –

Put the life cycle of the star in the correct order, then match each stage to the correct description

_____ red giant_____ main sequence

_____ supernova_____ nebula


  1. The two most common elements in stars are ______and ______
  1. Scientists can determine what other elements are in a star by using a ______to look at the star’s [spectral lines / fingerprints]
  1. A star’s color is related to it’s ______
  2. Blue stars are the ______, and red stars are ______
  3. Stars produce energy by [drinking red bull / fusing hydrogen into helium]
  1. The ______is the closest star to us, and therefore it appears to be the ______in our sky. It is an example of a ______star
  2. ______and ______are the two ways energy moves through a star
  3. A star’s brightness is effected by what three things:
  4. ______
  5. ______
  6. ______
  7. Define galaxy –
  1. Galaxies are identified by their [shape / size]

Type / Characteristics
  1. Our galaxy is called the ______and is an example of a ______galaxy.