NAME ______DATE ______
Physical Science: Semester 2 Exam Review
Chapter 6: The Structure of Matter
- Describe an ionic bond:
- Describe a covalent bond:
- Label each picture as either an ionic bond or a covalent bond.
- Elements are made of one single kind of ______
Example - Oxygen
- Compounds are made of ______or more ______that are chemically combined
Example – H2O, Water
- The way a compound bonds determines many of its ______
- Atoms bond when their ______interact.
- Atoms with their outermost orbitals full will be more [stable / unstable] than atoms with only [partially / completely] filled outer orbitals.
- A single covalent bond shares [one / two] electrons and is represented by [one / two] single line(s)
If the electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally, they are called ______.
/ If the electrons in a covalent bond are NOT shared equally, they are called ______.
- This happens because the electrons are ______to the ______of one atom more than the other
- What type of bond is formed between two metals? ______
- A metal and a nonmetal will create a(n) ______bond
- Two nonmetals will form a(n) ______bond
- List the steps for naming an ionic compound
- List the steps for naming a covalent compound
- Compounds should have an overall charge of ______
- List the prefixes used in naming covalent compounds:
# of Atoms / Prefix
- Name the following ionic compounds:
FeI2: ______
MnF3: ______
CrCl2: ______
CuS: ______
- Name the following covalent compounds:
SeO2: ______
SnI4: ______
As2O5: ______
P4S3: ______
Chapter 7: Chemical Reactions
- ______occur when substances go through chemical ______to create new ______
- The reactants are placed on the [left / right] side of the arrow, and the ______on the right
______ ______
- The arrow in a chemical equation means ______
- The total amount of energy in the reactants must
[be more / beequal to / be less] than the total amount of energy in the products.
- In a chemical reaction, the ______are simply ______to create new ______
EXOTHERMIC / ENDOTHERMIC
Exothermic reactions: ______
______
The amount of energy released as a product is ______than the amount of energy ______to break the bonds
/ Endothermic reactions: ______
______
More energy is needed to ______the bonds in the ______than is given off by forming bonds in the ______
- A balanced equation follows the law ______
- In order to balance an equation, ______must be added in front of one or more of the ______
- Balance
____ H2O ____ H2 + ____ O2
____ H2 + ____ Cl2 ____ HCl
____ C2H6 + ____ O2 ____ CO2 + ____ H2O
Chapter 10: Nuclear Reactions
- What holds protons and neutrons together in a nucleus?
- like charges attractingc. strong nuclear force
- like charges repellingd. atomic mass
- In a stable nucleus, the attractive forces are [ stronger than / weaker than / equal to] the repulsive forces.
- In nuclear fission, ______losses in mass produce ______amounts of energy.
- small, smallc. large, small
- large, larged. small, large
- A nuclear chain reaction occurs when excess ______collide with other nuclei.
- Fusion produces ______nuclei.
- _____ the process by which the sun produces energy
- _____ the minimum amount of a substance that can sustain a fission reaction
- _____ the splitting of a large nucleus into smaller nuclei, releasing neutrons and energy
- _____ the small amount of mass that is converted to energy when nuclei form
- Which of the following is not a source of natural background radiation?
- the sunc. rocks
- X-ray machinesd. soil
- What things can affect a person’s exposure to radiation (how much they are exposed to)?
- Which of the following is an advantage of nuclear energy as a power source?
- Nuclear waste is not radioactive.
- Nuclear plants are low in cost.
- Nuclear energy does not produce air pollution.
- Waste can be stored anywhere.
- Which of the following is a disadvantage of nuclear energy as a power source?
- Nuclear energy produces less energy than the burning of coal.
- Nuclear energy produces air pollution.
- Nuclear waste must be safely stored.
- The fuel source is very limited.
- Whether or not a person develops radiation sickness depends on the ______of the exposure to radiation.
- amountc. time of day
- temperatured. All of the above
- What unit is radiation measured in? ______
- What particle in an atom’s nucleus plays a large role in the atom’s radioactive features?
- The energy released from an unstable atom is called ______
- Sodium-24 has a half-life of 15 hours. How much sodium-24 will remain in an 18.0 g sample after 60 hours?
- After 42 days, a 2.0 g sample of phosphorus-32 contains only 0.25 g of the isotope. What is the half-life of phosphorus-32?
- If the half-life of uranium-232 is 70 years, how many half-lives will it take for 10 g of it to be reduced to 1.25 g?
- Define nuclear radiation.
- Define radioactive decay.
- How do scientists (specifically archaeologists) use half-life and carbon-14?
- When developing the atomic bomb, scientists wondered if they could force a nuclear reaction by bombarding the nucleus of an atom. What is this process called?
- How do we use radioactive tracers?
Chapter 11: Motion
Define each of the following.
MotionFrame of Reference
Displacement
Speed / SI UNIT:
Velocity / SI UNIT:
Acceleration / SI UNIT:
Force
Friction
Static friction
Kinetic friction
- Displacement must always indicate the ______, such as 12 blockstoward school.
- The distance traveled by an object divided by the time it takes to travel that distance is called ______
- The difference between speed and velocity is that velocity includes ______
- The force of gravity, the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force are examples of ______.
- The combination of all forces acting on an object is the ______.
- When the net force on an object is greater than ______, the object will accelerate in the direction of the greater force.
- Speed or Velocity?
- 88 km / h: ______
- 18 m / s down: ______
- 10 m / s north: ______
- What does the slope of distance vs. time graph indicate?
- What 2 things indicate a change in acceleration? ______& ______
- Label each picture as balanced or unbalanced forces.
- Explain the difference between balanced and unbalanced forces.
- How can you lower unwanted friction and increase helpful friction?
- Identify the type of friction:
- Two students are pushing a box that is at rest. ______
- The box pushed by the students is now sliding. ______
- The students put rollers under the box and push it forward. ______
- The friction between the bristles of your toothbrush and the surfaces of your teeth is an example of
a.rolling friction.c. helpful friction.
b.static friction.d. All of the above
- When an object slows down, the acceleration is ______.
- You must know ______and ______to calculate speed.
Chapter 12: Forces
Define the following.
InertiaWeight / SI UNIT:
Free fall
Terminal velocity
Projectile motion
Momentum / SI UNIT:
Newton’s 1st Law
Newton’s 2nd Law
Newton’s 3rd Law
Law of Universal Gravitation
Law of Conservation of Momentum
- Which object has the greatest inertia?
- a tennis ball c. a beach ball
- a bowling ball d. a volleyball
- What force causes a skater sliding on the ice to gradually slow down? ______
- The value for the acceleration of objects in free fall near Earth is ______
- The gravitational force between two objects depends of the masses of the objects and the ______
- When objects are moved further apart from each other, the force of gravity between them [increases / decreases]
- An object’s momentum is determined by the object’s ______and ______
- For each picture, identify which of Newton’s Laws is being demonstrated
- If the car you are riding in comes to a sudden stop, ______helps stop your forward motion.
- Why don’t action-reaction forces cancel each other out?
Chapter 13: Work & Energy
Define each of the following.
Work / SI UNIT:Power / SI UNIT:
Energy / SI UNIT:
Potential energy / SI UNIT:
Kinetic energy / SI UNIT:
Mechanical energy
Efficiency / EXPRESSED AS:
Law of Conservation of Energy
- If an object is not moving, work is equal to ______.
- _____ the sum of an object’s kinetic and potential energies
- _____ the energy due to motion
- _____ the energy of an object due to its position, shape, or condition
- _____ energy that lies at the level of atoms and that does not affect motion on a large scale
- The process that transforms light energy into chemical energy in plants is called ______.
34. The primary source of the sun’s energy is
a) chemical energy.c) nuclear fission.
b) nuclear fusion.d) potential energy.
- Potential energy is sometimes called ______of ______.
- Gravitational Potential Energy depends on the ______of the object and the ______of the object relative to Earth’s surface.
- Kinetic energy depends more on ______than it does ______.
- Energy that lies at the level of the atom is ______energy.
- Only a portion of the work done by a machine is ______work.
Chapter 15: Waves and Chapter 16: Light & Sound
MediumMechanical Wave
Electromagnetic Wave
Transverse Wave
Longitudinal Wave
Crest
Trough
Amplitude
Wavelength
Period
Frequency
Doppler Effect
Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction
Constructive Interference
Destructive Interference
- Mechanical waves require a ______to travel in.
- Draw a transverse wave. Label a crest, a trough, the amplitude, and the wavelength.
- A ______wave has perpendicular motion.
- A ______wave has parallel motion.
- What is the difference between compressions and rarefactions?
- A ______wave moves in a circular direction.
- Waves move fastest in [ Solid / Liquid / Gas ] – WHY?
- How do our eyes detect visible light?
- From slowest frequency to fastest frequency, list 7 types of waves on the electromagnetic spectrum.
Chapter 20: The Universe
- A light year is a unit of ______. If something is 5.8 light years away,
that means it takes ______years for the light to travel to earth.
- The only way to measure a black hole is …
- The Big Bang theory states:
- It is supported by ______, discovered in 1965
- A star is born when –
Put the life cycle of the star in the correct order, then match each stage to the correct description
_____ red giant_____ main sequence
_____ supernova_____ nebula
- The two most common elements in stars are ______and ______
- Scientists can determine what other elements are in a star by using a ______to look at the star’s [spectral lines / fingerprints]
- A star’s color is related to it’s ______
- Blue stars are the ______, and red stars are ______
- Stars produce energy by [drinking red bull / fusing hydrogen into helium]
- The ______is the closest star to us, and therefore it appears to be the ______in our sky. It is an example of a ______star
- ______and ______are the two ways energy moves through a star
- A star’s brightness is effected by what three things:
- ______
- ______
- ______
- Define galaxy –
- Galaxies are identified by their [shape / size]
Type / Characteristics
- Our galaxy is called the ______and is an example of a ______galaxy.