Physical Science Midterm Study Guide

Science Midterm Study Guide 2013-2014

Name ______

Physical Science Midterm Study Guide

2013-2014

Midterms are 10% of your overall grade for the year… study hard!

Midterm details:

Your Midterm includes 6 units (chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and Energy)

Total points- 110 points

100 Multiple Choice Questions

1 essay

The break down….

Questions from Chapter 1: 13 plus essay

Questions from Chapter 2: 20

Questions from Chapter 3: 18

Questions from Chapter 4: 15

Questions from Chapter 5: 21

Questions from Energy unit (ch 15.1,15.2, & 16.2): 13

Chapter 1 (pages 1-31)

Vocabulary:

1. __C___ sciencea) building blocks of all matter
2. __A___ atomsb) variable changed by the experimenter

3. __E___ scientific method c) system of knowledge and the methods used to find that knowledge

1. __D___ responding variabled) changes in response to change in MV
2. __B___ manipulated variablee) organized plan used for gathering,

organizing,and communicating information

6. List the steps of the scientific method.

1) make observations

2) ask questions

3) form hypothesis

4) test hypothesis

5) draw conclusions

6) develop theory

7. In which of the above steps of the scientific method is information obtained through your senses?

Make observations

8. What do you do when the data from your observation does not support your original hypothesis?

Revise the hypothesis

9.What is the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law?

Scientific theories are well tested explanations for a set of observations or results

Scientific laws summarize a pattern found in nature

10. Which of the following statements is true about scientific theories?

a.scientific theories become scientific laws

b.scientific theories are never proven

c.scientific theories become hypotheses

d.scientific theories summarize patterns found in nature

1. What is a model and why are they important to science?

Models are physical or mental representations of an object needed to help us understand things that are difficult to see or understand

12. What is the most important safety rule?

a. / Never work with chemicals.
b. / Always use unbreakable glassware.
c. / Always follow your teacher’s instructions and textbook directions exactly.
d. / Never do experiments that involve flames or hot objects.

13. Write the number 0.0000084 in scientific notation.

8.4 X 10-6

14.How many decimeters is 1cm equal to? (1cm = ______dm)

1 cm = 0.1 dm

(move the decimal one place to the left, as centi is smaller than deci)

15. Water boils at __100___ oC and freezes at ____0____ oC.

16. What will a line graph look like if there is a directly proportional relationship between the manipulated and responding variables?

straight linecurved linezig – zag line

Figure 1-1

17. What type of graph is represented by Figure 1-1?

a. / bar graph / c. / circle graph
b. / line graph / d. / none of the above

18. What type of graph do you recommend for showing how part of a something relates to the whole? (Ex. December’s sales in relation to the whole year of sales in a store)

Circle graph

This is the end of your chapter 1 midterm review!

StudyHard!! This is a big part of your grade! You can do it!

Name ______

Physical Science Midterm Study Guide – Ch 2

2013-2014

Chapter 2 (pages 32- 65)

Vocabulary:

19. element __D__a) description of a substance that easily combines chemically w/other substances

1. reactive __A__b) material contains atoms joined in a fixed proportion
2. chemical change __E__c) mixture that appears to contain only 1 substance
3. compound __B__d) substance made of only 1 type of atom
4. homogenous mixture _C_e) water breaking down into hydrogen and oxygen is anexample of this type of change

1. What is a pure substance?

Matter that always has exactly the same composition

1. List several examples of pure substances.

Oxygen (O2), water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), elements, compounds

1. When writing element symbols, what is the proper format?

The first letter is always capitalized and the second letter is lowercase

1. What is a mixture?

Combination of substances in not even or fixed composition (salsa)

1. What is a heterogeneous mixture? Give a few examples.

Mixture in which its parts are noticeably different

ex. Sand, jar of mixed nuts

1. What is the difference between a homogeneous mixture and heterogeneous mixture?

Homogeneous mixtures appear to contain only 1 substance & heterogeneous mixtures you can see contain more than one substance

1. How are mixtures classified as solutions, suspensions, or colloids?

Based on the size of its LARGEST particle

1. What type of substance often has a “shake well” label on it?

suspension

1. What does malleable mean?

Ability of a solid to be hammered without shattering (ex. Metals like gold)

1. Which of the following substances are malleable? Glass, pottery, ice, or gold

1. What is viscosity?

Tendancy of a liquid to resist flowing

1. Which of the following has the highest viscosity?

Corn syrup water milk orange juice

1. How can filtration be useful for separating mixtures?

Allows mixtures to be separated based on the size of their particles

1. What is the purpose of distillation?

To separate parts of a liquid mixture based on the their boiling points

1. What is a physical change? Give several examples.

Occurs when some properties of the material change, but substances in the material stay the same

Ex. Squeezing a stress ball (changes shape), sawing wood in half

1. When a physical change occurs, which of the following does not change?

1. Shapeb. massc. volume d. composition

1. What is a chemical change? Give several examples.

Occurs when substances react to form 1 or more new substances

Ex. Burning wood, water breaking down into hydrogen and oxygen

1. What 3 factors indicate that a chemicalchange occurred?

1.color change

2.gas production

3.formation of a precipitate

1. Which of the following is an indication that a chemical change is occurring?
2. Iron changing color when heated
3. Gas bubbles form in boiling water
4. Balls of wax form when melted wax is poured into ice water
5. Gas forms when vinegar and baking soda are mixed

1. What is flammability?Materials ability to burn in the presence of oxygen

Name ______

Physical Science Midterm Study Guide – Ch 3

2013-2014

Chapter 3 (pages 66- 97)

Vocabulary:

44. __B__ kinetic energya) force distributed over an area

45. __D__ freezingb)energy of motion

46. __E__sublimationc) change directly from gas to solid

47. __A__ pressured) exothermic phase change

48. __C__ depositione) change directly from solid to gas

Matching:

49. Describe the shapeandvolume of the following phases of matter.

Gas-no definite shape nor volume

Liquid-definite volume, no definite shape

Solid-definite shape and volume

50. If you move a substance from one container to another and its volume changes, the substance is a

a. / solid. / c. / gas.
b. / liquid. / d. / solution.

51. Forces of attraction limit the motion of particles most in

a. / a solid. / c. / a gas.
b. / a liquid. / d. / both b and c

Figure 3-1

52. In which of the substances in Figure 3-1 are the forces of attraction among the particles so weak that they can be ignored under ordinary conditions?

a. / Substance A / c. / Substance C
b. / Substance B / d. / all of the above

True or False

53.___T_____ Collisions between atoms and the walls of a closed container cause gas pressure.

54.___T_____ As ice melts, water molecules move from their fixed positions.

55.___F_____ The particles in a solid have more kinetic energy than the particles in a gas.

More Short Answer

1. What 3 factors affect the pressure of a gas in a closed container?

1-Temperature, 2- number of particles, 3- volume

57.Complete the following statements:

a)Raising the temperature of a gas will ___INCREASE____ its pressure if the volume of the gas and the number of gas particles are kept constant.

b)Lowering the temperature of a gas will ___DECREASE____ its pressure if the volume of the gas and the number of gas particles are kept constant.

58.The temperature and volume of a gas in a closed container remain constant. If the number of gas particles in the container is increased, what will happen to the gas pressure??

Pressure will increase

Whose law is it anyway??

59.____Charles’ Law____ the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature in Kelvin if the pressure and the number of particles are constant.

60.____Boyle’s Law_____ the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure if the temperature and number of particles remain constant.

More Practice Questions… You can do it!!

61.What kind of change occurs when water changes from solid to liquid?

1. Physical change
2. Phase change
3. Both a and b

62.During a phase change, what happens to the temperature of the substance?

Temperature DOES NOT change

63.During what phase change does the arrangement of water molecules become more orderly?

1. Meltingc. boiling
2. Freezingd. condensing

64.What phase change occurs when a substance changes from liquid to gas??

vaporization

65.What phase change occurs when a substance changes from solid to a liquid?

melting

66.What phase change occurs when a substance changes from a liquid to a solid?

freezing

Fill in the Blank:

79. Identify whether substance A, B, and C below is a solid, liquid, or gas. Explain how you know.

Substance A is a __solid______because…

particles are packed together tightly in an orderly, regular arrangement

Substance B is a __liquid______because…

particles are not tightly packed or in a regular pattern

Substance C is a __gas______because… particles are spaced out and in no regular pattern
Name ______

Physical Science Midterm Study Guide –Ch 4

2013-2014

Chapter 4 (pages 97 - 123)

Vocabulary:

80. __B__ proton a) negative (-) charge/found in energy levels around nucleus

81. __E__ neutronb) positive (+) charge located in the nucleus of an atom

82. __A__ electronc) fast, positively particle used in Gold Foil Experiment

83. __C__ alpha particlesd) # protons + # neutrons in an atom

84. __D__ mass numbere) neutral subatomic particle; found inside nucleus

85. What did the Greek philosopher Democritus call a tiny piece of matter that cannot be divided?

atom

86.According to John Dalton’s observations, when elements combine in a compound,

a. / the ratio of their masses is always the same.
b. / each element contributes an equal number of atoms.
c. / their volumes are always equal.
d. / their masses are always equal.

87. Which statement about subatomic particles is NOT true?

a. / Protons and neutrons have almost the same mass.
b. / Protons and electrons have opposite charges.
c. / Unlike protons and electrons, neutrons have no charge.
d. / Protons and neutrons have the same charge.

88. Which subatomic particle has a mass that is so small that we do not include its mass in an atom’s mass number?

electron

89. What evidence about an atom did J.J. Thomson’s experiment provide?

Atoms contain negatively charged particles

90. Who is credited for discovering the nucleus in an atom with their gold foil experiment?

Ernest Rutherford

91. Where is the positive charge found in an atomic model including a nucleus?

The positive charge is concentrated in the center of the atom

92. Rutherford’s gold foil experiment provided evidence for which of the following statements?

a. / Negative and positive charges are spread evenly throughout an atom.
b. / Alpha particles have a positive charge.
c. / Gold is not as dense as previously thought.
d. / There is a dense, positively charged mass in the center of an atom.

Figure 4-1

93. The diagram in Figure 4-1 shows the results of Rutherford’s gold foil experiment. What caused some of the alpha particles to bounce straight back from the gold foil?

a. / electrons in the gold atoms / c. / other alpha particles
b. / negative charges in the gold atoms / d. / nuclei in the gold atoms

94. What statement does your book use to describe Rutherford’s model of an atom?

It’s like a huge stadium with a positively charged marble at the center

95. What number is unique and used to distinguish one element from another?

It’s number of protons

96. What is the atomic number of an atom?

The number of protons in one atom of an element

97. Which is the correct formula to calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?

a) Subtract mass number from atomic number

b) Subtract atomic number from mass number (mass # - atomic # = # neutrons)

98. What is an isotope?? (ex. oxygen-17 and oxygen-18)

Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons

Name ______

Physical Science Midterm Study Guide –Ch 5

2013-2014

Chapter 5 (pages 126 - 145)

Vocabulary:

99. _C_ gasa) elements that contain 8 valence electrons

100. _A_ He, Xe, Neb) value increases by 1 from left to right on the periodic table

101. _B_ atomic numberc) none of the metals are in this state at room temperature

102. _E__ sodiumd) criteria Mendeleev used to organize his periodic table

103. _D__ masse) element found in nature only in compounds because its so reactive

104) Mendeleev’s periodic table was accepted and confirmed after what discovery?

The discovery of elements that he predicted the properties of

105) How do properties repeat in a periodic table?

Properties repeat from row to row

106) Identify the segments of the periodic table labeled A and B in the periodic table below. A is a period & B is a group

107) Moving from left to right across a row of the periodic table, which of the following values increases by exactly one from element to element?

a. isotope numberc. atomic mass unit

b. atomic numberd. mass number

108) Whichatom’s mass is an atomic mass unit based on?

carbon-12or chlorine-35

109) How is the atomic mass of an element determined?

It’s the weighted average of the masses of an element’s isotopes.

110) Which list of elements contains only metals?

a) helium, carbon, gold

b) sodium, chromium, copper

c) iodine, iron, nickel

d) phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen

111) Is the far left column of the periodic table reactive or nonreactive? Metals or nonmetals?

Most Reactive – metals

112) How many valence electrons do the most reactive elements tend to have?

One or seven valence electrons

113) What happens to the number of valence electrons as you move from left to right across the periodic table?

It increases

114) How is reactivity related to the number of valence electrons in an atom?

The tendency of an element to react chemically is most closely related to its number of valence electrons in atoms of the element.

115) Which element in group 7A is most reactive?

Fluorine (F)

116) How are highly reactive elements stored to keep them from reacting?

In oil

117) What element is found in most compounds in your body except water?

Carbon

118) Which of the following terms does NOT describe metals?

DuctileMalleable BrittleGood conductors of electric current

119) Which of the following halogensare most reactive?

a. Cl (chlorine)c. F (fluorine)

b. I (iodine)d. Br (bromine)

Name ______

Physical Science Midterm Study Guide –Energy Unit

2013-2014

Chapters15.1, 15.2, & 16.2 (pages 445-457, 479-481)

Vocabulary:

120. _D__ kinetic energya) nuclear energy is turned into this by nuclear power plants

121. _B__ thermal energyb) increases when an object becomes warmer

122. _C__ chemical energyc) type of energy stored in gasoline

123. _A__ electrical energyd) energy of motion

124. _E__ Celsiuse) unit of temperature

125) Which of the following is an example of an object with elastic potential energy?

a) Wind-up toy that has been wound up

b) compressed basketball

c) stretched rubberband

d) all of the above

126) How is gravitational potential energy measured? (relative to what?)

Reference level from which the height of the object is measured

127) True or False

_T_ Energy cannot be created

_T_ Energy cannot be destroyed

_T_ Energy can be converted from one form to another

128) Which of the following terms in gases is slower than in liquids and solids because the particles in a gas collide less often?

ConvectionConductionRadiation

129) Do convection currents occur in each of the following natural cycles?

Yes / No a) Movement of not rock in Earth’s interior

Yes / Nob) Ocean currents

Yes / Noc) Weather systems

130) How does most of the suns energy reach Earth?

Radiation

131) True of FalseBoth conduction and convection are needed to transfer thermal energy throughout matter.

Congratulations! You’ve completed your entire midterm study guide. You have reviewed and now it is time to study!! If you use this study guide to prepare you for your midterm you will be sure to do great! Don’t forget to ask questions if you have any!! I’m here to help!

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