Physical ScienceName:

mr. e ~ 2010Date:

Final Exam Study Guide

Key Vocabulary

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Ch. 1

Fact

Law

Hypothesis

Science

Scientific method

Technology

Theory

Ch. 2

Force

Inertia

Net force

Newton’s first law of motion-the law of inertia

Speed

Support force

Vector quantity

Velocity

Ch. 3

Acceleration

Free fall

Friction

Inertia

Newton’s second law

Mass

Terminal velocity

Volume

Weight

Ch. 4

Force pair

Interaction

Newton’s third law

Ch. 5

Impulse

Inelastic collision/ elastic collision

Law of conservation of momentum

Momentum

Ch. 6

Conservation of energy

Efficiency

Energy

Kinetic energy

Machine

potential energy

power

Watt

Work

Work-energy theorem

Ch. 7

Big bang

Law of Universal gravitation

Inverse-square law

neap tide

spring tide

tangential velocity

universal constant of gravitation (G)

Ch. 8

Ellipse

Escape speed

Parabola

Projectile

satellite

Ch. 9

Absolute zero

calorie

Calorie/kilocalorie

Heat

1st law of thermodynamics

2nd law of thermodynamics

3rd law of thermodynamics

Specific heat capacity

Temperature

Thermal E

Thermal expansion

Ch. 10

Boiling

Condensation Evaporation

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

Freezing/melting

Sublimation

desublimation

heat of fusion

heat of vaporization

triple point

Ch. 21

Chemical change

Physical changeprecipitate

Reactant

Product

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atom chemical reaction/equation Coefficient

element chemical formula

compound

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Formulae & constants

v=d/t

vavg= total d/total t

F=ma

Fnet = sum of all Forces

d=½gt2

ag or g=10m/s2

a=v/t

p=mv

pbefore=pafter

ptotal=p1+p2+p3…

Impulse=change in p

PE=mgh

KE=1/2mv2

W=Fd

P=W/t

Efficiency=total E output

total E input

F=Gm1m2

d2

Q=cmT

Qbefore=Qafter

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CentralConcepts

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  1. When did science begin?
  2. Facts vs. hypotheses vs. theories
  3. Scientific statements (be able to spot one from a list of non-scientific ones)
  4. Science & art (are they as different as many make them out to be? How then are they similar?)
  5. Branches of science (how do they relate? which is most fundamental?)
  6. Scientific method (limits, purpose, steps, appropriate vocab)
  7. Inertia (this is a function of which property of matter?)
  8. Vector vs. scalar quantity (distinguish between them)
  9. Calculate avg. velocity/speeds (watch units!)
  10. Fnet (be able to determine from a story problem); support F (eg. gymnastics: 1 ring vs. 2 rings)
  11. Acceleration (be able to calculate; discern difference between constant speed, constant velocity and acceleration of an object)
  12. Mass vs. weight (distinguish between them conceptually and practically)
  13. Air resistance (understand role in regards to falling objects; how does this impact an object's falling speed, acceleration, terminal velocity; what if we remove air resistance altogether?--what is this called for falling objects? Which two factors affect air resistance the most?) (eg. falling elephant vs. feather)
  14. Can a car maintain a constant v while driving on a circular track? Why or why not?
  15. Vterminal (what does this mean? Relate to acceleration and velocity…heavy objects vs. light objects)
  16. action/reaction pairs (be able to identify)
  17. Tug of war scenarios (who wins/why; frictionless ice relating mass and d moved)
  18. Horse-wagon conundrum
  19. Collisions (eg. one massive, one not--which undergoes greater change in v, F?
  20. Momentum; Conservation of momentum (eg. freight cars rolling/colliding; bigger fish swallowing smaller fish)
  21. Change in p (Impulse); decreasing p over long time vs. short time and its effect on F
  22. Recoil (how mass affects v); bouncing (how does this effect
  23. Weight (applied to various situations--eg. falling objects)
  24. Kinetic energy & potential energy (define/distinguish/apply)
  25. Work (be able to work (!) with the formula)
  26. Power (be able to use the formula)
  27. efficiency (be able to calculate)
  28. levers & pulleys (identify fulcrum, effort, load; classify as 1st, 2nd, or 3rd)
  29. Newton most likely compared a falling apple to which ‘falling’ object?
  30. What happens to Fg (grav. F) between two objects the further their gravitational centers move apart?
  31. Relate changes in mass & distance to changes in Fg
  32. Why do tides exist? (True—God made them, however I need you to explain why they occur).
  33. Projectiles: be able to identify trends of their horizontal and vertical components
  34. When a bullet leaves the barrel, what is the only F acting on it? (apply this to various situations)
  35. Projectiles: Relate angle fired to distance travelled; same d? Max d?
  36. Why doesn’t the moon fall to the Earth?
  37. Elliptical orbits: relate position to speed
  38. Relationship between rate of heating and specific heat capacity
  39. Thermal expansion (eg. Bridge, hole in metal plate)
  40. What was the problem with our “Ice Cream Diet?”
  41. Unique properties of water (D, freezing)
  42. What is absolute zero? (“Why would anyone want to study how cold we can make it?”) (
  43. Why don’t sparklers hurt too much when their sparks touch your skin?
  44. Be able to find resulting T when two quantities of water at different T’s are mixed
  45. Convection works only through which phases? What one word describes these?
  46. Objects that radiate well, absorb well. (And vice versa)….the opposite is also true
  47. Air that goes from a high P to a low P...does it cool or warm?
  48. Does the T of water, let’s say, change as you boil it? Why?
  49. Thermodynamically, what does a refrigerator do?
  50. Contrast chemical & physical changes
  51. Vocab!
  52. Why balance chemical equations? What do you do as you balance them?
  53. Be able to balance equations & identify their reaction type

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