Pathogenic Organisms (Thomas, Lewis 162) “Producing physical disease; of or relating to the production of physical disease.” (Oxford English Dictionary, para 1) “An individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.” (Oxford English Dictionary, para 3a.) Thomas uses the term Pathogenic Organisms to explain how basic science finally identified bacteria and viruses for what they did.
--Brian
Endocarditis (Thomas, Lewis 163) “Infectious endocarditis is an infection of the lining of the heart chambers and heart valves that is caused by bacteria, fungi, or other infectious substances.” (MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, para 1) Thomas uses endorcarditis as an example of a disease deemed incurable at the time, but with later advances in medical science became treatable and eventually curable.
--Brian
Contemporary Geophysics (Thomas, Lewis 173) “Modern; of or characteristic of the present period; esp. up-to-date, ultra-modern; spec. designating art of a markedly avant-garde quality, or furniture, building, decoration, etc., having modern characteristics.” (Oxford English Dictionary, para 4a.) The science or study of the physics of the earth, esp. of its crust; the application of the principles, methods, and techniques of physics to the study of the earth.” (Oxford English Dictionary, para 1) Thomas uses the term contemporary geophysics as part of an example of how far science has come in the last 200 years using the scientific process.
--Brian
“cosmology” (Thomas, 173), “1 a: a branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of the universe b: a theory or doctrine describing the natural order of the universe2: a branch of astronomy that deals with the origin, structure, and space-time relationships of the universe; also: a theory dealing with these matters” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, par. 1). Thomas was using cosmology as a metaphor to describe the development in physics and comparing it to the development of the history of medicine.
--Lilly Strout
“neoplastic cells” (Thomas, 166). “Neoplasia, the formation of tumors” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, par. 1). “Cell, a small usually microscopic mass of protoplasm bounded externally by a semipermeable membrane, usually including one or more nuclei and various other organelles with their products, capable alone or interacting with other cells of performing all the fundamental functions of life, and forming the smallest structural unit of living matter capable of functioning independently” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, par. 4). Thomas uses the example of neoplastic cells to show the difference between what a normal cell should be and how an infections or diseases come to live in your cells.
--Lilly Strout
“tubercle bacillus” (Thomas, 162). “Tubercle bacillus is a bacterium (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that is a major cause of tuberculosis” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, par.1). Thomas’ whole argument is that you need to find the base cause in order to tackle disease, by talking about tubercle bacillus, he is telling you the root of tuberculosis.
--Lilly Strout
Brownian Movement (Thomas 151) “The irregular oscillatory movement observed in microscopic particles or ‘molecules’ of all kinds suspended in a limpid fluid; also called molecular movement.” (Oxford English Dictionary Online) The Brownian Movement was first observed in physics by Robert Brown in 1827. Thomas uses a reference to the Brownian Movement to help explain how thought molecules in the brain move around bumping into one another in all different directions much like the small particles in this movement that move around every which way suspended in fluid.
--Renee Rebidue
Notion (Thomas 151) “A concept or idea in various philosophical uses.” (Oxford English Dictionary Online) Thomas gave a vision of how the human mentality is made of many molecules containing various thoughts which fill the mind with ideas. This is his introduction on how thoughts are created and how they are transported throughout the brain.
--Renee Rebidue
Receptor (Thomas 151) “A region of a neuron or other tissue which specifically recognizes and responds to a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance.” (Oxford English Dictionary Online) The molecules that fill the brain are constantly moving around and bumping into one another leaving small, round structures which “lock” onto other particles. Thomas uses receptors as a comparison because they too fit interlocking with nerve endings in thought processes.
--Renee Rebidue
Nihilism, (Thomas, Lewis 162) “A viewpoint that traditional values and beliefs are unfounded and that existence is senseless and useless.” (The Merriam-Webster dictionary, pg. 488). Thomas uses this term to show a link between how basic science used in research in the past was abandoned and forgotten on the inception of antibiotics.
--Winnie
Poliomyelitis, (Thomas, Lewis 170) “An acute infectious virus disease caused by the polio virus, characterized by fever, motor paralysis, and atrophy of skeletal muscles often with permanent disability and deformity, and marked by inflammation of nerve cells in the ventral horns of the spinal cord, leading usually to paralysis.” (The Merriam-Webster dictionary pg.556) Thomas uses this term as an example to prove that no new disease has come up in the recent history that has proven to be as deadly as the diseases found way back in the day.
--Winnie
Sulfanilamides, (Thomas Lewis 162) a crystalline sulfonamide C6H8N2O3S that is the amide of sulfanilic acid and the parent compound of most of the sulfa drugs. (Merriam Webster online dictionary) Thomas uses the term to introduce pharmacology, and show a kind of drug used in the treatment of infection.
--Winnie
structure (Thomas, 151) “The mutual relation of the constituent parts or elements of a whole as determining its peculiar nature or character; make, frame” (Oxford English Dictionary On-line Thomas uses this term to explain that notions are made of molecules of thought.
--Lydia (Ying Li)
charge (Thomas, 154) noun “An accumulation of electricity in a Leyden jar, electric battery, etc., which may be again discharged. Also used of the electrical property of particles of matter” (Oxford English Dictionary On-line Thomas uses this term to help readers see how the counterpoint works in the thinking process.
--Lydia (Ying Li)
harmony(Thomas, 153) “Combination or adaptation of parts, elements, or related things, so as to form a consistent and orderly whole; agreement, accord, congruity” (Oxford English Dictionary On-line Thomas uses this term to help readers see the situation which is one part of thinking process.
--Lydia (Ying Li)
‘’Newtonian Physics’’- ‘’SI unit of force that, acting on a mass of one kilogram, increases it’s velocity by one meter per second every second.’’ (The Oxford New Essential Dictionary)(p.172, Medical Lessons from History) Thomas uses this term to show how thinking is about as complex and useful for future references in the same way that the beginnings of science has been.
--Tunisia
‘’Pellagra’’- ‘’disease caused by deficiency of nicotinic acid characterized by cracking of the skin and often resulting in insanity.’’ ( The Oxford New Essential Dictionary),(pg.163, Medical Lessons from History) Thomas uses this term to demonstrate how knowledge of things
has allowed us to be better informed .
--Tunisia
‘’Taxonomy’’- ‘’classification of living and extinct organisms.’’ Thomas uses this term to show how research gives us a much more logical explanation . (The Oxford New Essential Dictionary)(pg.162, Medical Lessons from History)
--Tunisia
“Shimmering” (Thomas, 153) (adjective) “ to shine with a soft tremulous or fitful light” ( Merriam Webster) “Thomas used Shimmering to describe the arrangement of the membranes. Thomas used shimmering to illustrate how the orbits and planets get light from the sun just like how our minds get information to the membranes. This is a metaphor for how a thought pattern is produced.
--Anthony Cabral
“Elliptical” (Thomas, 153) (adjective)“1: of, relating to, or shaped like an ellipse2 a: of, relating to, or marked by ellipsis or an ellipsis b (1): of, relating to, or marked by extreme economy of speech or writing (2): of or relating to deliberate obscurity (as of literary or conversational style. having the shape of an egg the villaʼs marble pool is surrounded by an elliptic arrangement of ancient Greek statuary>— see oval” ( merriam-webster) Thomas used Elliptical to show how notions can be combined or merged into different elements such as taking in the information from one membrane to the other.
--Anthony Cabral
“Meticulously” (Thomas, 153) (adverb) “marked by extreme or excessive care in the consideration or treatment of details” ( merriam-webster) Thomas used meticulously to illustrate how the membranes are carefully arranged and rearranged.
--Anthony Cabral
Montaigne (Thomas, 160) “Michel de Montaigne, 1533-1592, France. He was French writer and philosopher.” (Merriam-Webster) Montaigne was the one who disagreed and very angry because of Ivan Illich, who was a doctor but not understood enough about illness and medicine to treat patients.
--Nam
Penicillin (Thomas, 158) “Originally: a substance with antibiotic activity obtained from cultures of the mould Penicillium notatum. Now: any of a group of related natural or semi-synthetic fungal antibiotics, which interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis and are active especially against Gram-positive organisms. (Oxford English Dictionary) Hence, this medicine helps the body immune system to kill bacteria or prevent their growth.
--Nam
Therapy (Thomas, 158) “The medical treatment of disease; curative medical or psychiatric treatment.” (Oxford English Dictionary, p1) It is to cure or alleviate an illness or injury, whether physical or mental is about spirit treatment.
--Nam
Transient(Thomas,Lewis 154)adjective "lasting for a short time only" (the free dictionary) Thomas uses this term to explain unfinished layers of fugue at the end is not transient concept anymore, it is lasting as something important.
--Yukari
Fugue(Thomas,Lewis 154) noun "A fugue is like a round. One voice starts first, then second voice starts, like in a round. These voices are different pitches." (CAPISTRANO SCHOOL) Thomas uses this term to explain fugue is not one moment, something importance impresses our minds.
--Yukari
Pnognosis ( Thomas 161) (Merriam Webster Dictionary )is gestation trophlasic tumar (GTT) is a rare Cancer that develop in tissues formed when sperm fertilizes an egg but does nor create a fetus. "Thomas explaining the natural history of illness, and he want people understood. the best way to deal he said, “ patients and their families could be told not only the name of the illness but also, with some reliability, how it was most likely to turn out”. And patient need to get a good care given and good diet then the patient will cover.
--Samiya
Delirium: (Thomas 160 Merriam Webster Dictionary ) an acute mental disturbance characterized by confused thinking and disrupted attention usually accompanied by disordered speech and Thomas said,” 1876 Professor Edward H. Clarke of Harvard reviewed what the regarded as the major scientific accomplishment of medicine in the preceding fifty years, which consisted of studies proving that patients with tyhoid and tyhus fever could recover all by themselves, without medical intervention, and often did better for being untreated than when they received the bizarre herbs, heavy metals, and fomentations that were popular at that time, Delirium is disorder long believed to be fatal in all cases subjected to constant and aggressive medical intervention,.
--Samiya
Nostrums are a patent medicine of a kind sold with exaggerated claims; quack medicine(Thomas161 Merriam Webster Dictionary). Nostrums related Delirium when Thomas explaining about Delirium. How the patients take care themselves when they are sick “patient is not good for asking the Doctor quick medicine, is better to follow the proceed and have a patience
--Samiya
Counterpoint (Tomas, p153) "the technique of combining two or more distinct lines of music that sound simultaneously, esp. with an emphasis on melodic, as opposed to harmonic, progression." (
Thomas uses the idea counterpoint to show that, like music, thinking is not one single process but multiple ones occurring together.
--Jeff
Orbit (Thomas, p154) "the actual or imaginary path taken by a celestial body during its periodic revolution around another body."( Thomas uses orbit to show how new thinking processes form from and branch off of already developed ones.
--Jeff
Recombination (Thomas, p154) "Genetics the appearance in offspring of new combinations of allelic genes not present in either parent, produced from the mixing of genetic material, as by crossing-over" ( Thomas uses recombination to show how thought processes are constantly changing.
--Jeff
“Elliptical” [Thomas, 152] “of relating to, or marked by extreme economy of speech or writing” [ Merriam – Webster’s Collegiate, pg 404] Thoughts that are floating in your head until you form an idea based on those thought.Description of the process Thomas goes through where he actually gathers supporting evidence which support his ideas and thoughts so that he can develop his readings. Everthing goes through a process and eventhough his may seem confusing it can still be accomplished and have a good outcome when you take the time to do what is required based on the circumstances or experience.
--Shakita Stafford
“Gravitational” [Thomas, 152] “pertaining to a force manifested by acceleration toward each other of two free material particles or bodies of a radiant-energy quanta” [Merriam - Webster’s Collegiate, pg 547] Once you let go of a pen and it falls to the floor the force which has taken over is refered to as gravity. Thomas is using the metaphorical expression, “gravitational force” to describe the process of focusing on the different disciplines that you will come across throughtout his reading.
--Shakita Stafford
“Skewed” [Thomas, 152] “ to take an oblique course, to look askance” [Merriam- Webster’s Collegiate,pg 1167 ] In the “On Thinking About Thinking” reading, Thomas refers to multiple disciplines and when you think you have figured out what the reading is about, Thomas incorporates the term music at the end, which can lead readers to oppose their initial perception of the reading. The original train of thought, readers relied on throughout the reading has now shifted into that of confusion where everything is mixed together.
--Shakita Stafford
“Diagnosis” (Thomas, 161) is “Determination of the nature of a diseased condition; identification of a disease by careful investigation of its symptoms and history; also, the opinion resulting from such investigation.” (Oxford English Dictionary Online), 1.a) Thomas use this word to let us know how important about accurate diagnosis. We should diagnosis first, for justification, methods, and also for prognosis.
--Cindy Chiu
“Flamboyant therapy” (Thomas, 161) the meaning of flamboyant is showy or ornate and the meaning of therapy is “The medical treatment of disease; curative medical or psychiatric treatment.” (Oxford English Dictionary Online), 1) those two words combined together will be the best treatment of nursing care, medicine, etc.
--Cindy Chiu
“Mechanics” (Thomas, 173) is “The body of theoretical and practical knowledge concerned with the invention and construction of machines, the explanation of their operation, and the calculation of their efficiency; mechanical engineering.” (Oxford English Dictionary Online), 1.a) and also it’s mean “The branch of applied mathematics that deals with the motion and equilibrium of bodies and the action of forces, and includes kinematics, dynamics, and statics.” (Oxford English Dictionary Online), 1.b) Medical need mechanics to improve more medical technology to kill all of the disease, because we have too much disease nowadays.
--Cindy Chiu
Meningitis: “At that time, after almost a century of modified skepticism about therapy amounting finally to near nihilism, we abruptly entered a new era in which, almost overnight, it became possible with antibiotics to cure outright some of the common and lethal illness of human beings- lobar pneumonia, meningitis, typhoid, typhus, tuberculosis, septicemias of various types.” (Thomas, 162-163) Meningitis: “A disease marked by inflammation of the meninges that is either a relatively mild illness cause by a virus(as various coxsackie virus) or a more severe life-threatening illness caused by bacterium(as the meningococcus)(Merriam-Webster,ph.1 ) in the story, they write used meningitis as an example of the viruses that can be cured after scientist discovered the antibiotic.
--Kyle
Ionosphere: “It is an expensive undertaking, but still it is less than 3 percent of the total annual cost of today’s health industry, which at last count was over $140 billion, and it is nothing like as expensive as trying to live with the halfway technologies we are obliged to depend on in medicine today; if we try to stay with these for the rest of the century the costs will go through the ionosphere.”(Thomas, 171) Ionosphere: “The part of the earth’s atmosphere gases affect the propagation of radio waves, which extends from about 30miles(50 kilometers) to the exosphere, and which is contiguous with the upper portion of the mesosphere and the thermosphere; also, a comparable region of charged particle surrounding another celestial body(as Venus).” (Merriam-Webster, ph.1) In the story, the author uses the word ionosphere to explain the cost of health industry. The health industry’s so expensive that it will to maintain the cost of it over a century, affecting everyone. Ionosphere was used to explain the changing rate and how expensive it is to keep up with the health industry.
--Kyle
Morbidity: “Indeed, the official public-health tables of morbidity and mortality seem to be telling us this sort of thing already, even though, in all our anxiety, we seem unwilling to accept the news.”(Thomas,170) Morbidity:“The relative incidence of disease.”(Merriam-Webster,ph.1)In the story, the author uses the word morbidity to explain the death rate of the public and how it affects the people. Even though people already knew the morbidity and mortality rate from the table, people still don’t want to accept it.
--Kyle