[Gardner & DeMar: Appendix 8] 1

Appendix 8. Sources for taxonomic identifications of early Palaeocene (Puercan and Torrejonian NALMAs) lissamphibians listed in Table 8,arranged by NALMA (Puercan: 1–12; Torrejonian: 13–20; Puercan or Torrejonian: 21) and north to south within each province and state. Arabic numbers denoting localities are same as those used in the corresponding faunal list (Table 8) and locality map (Fig. 9).

Puercan(1–12)

1,UALVP Genesee #2 locality, central Alberta,Canada; upper part of Scollard Formation. Urodela / Batrachosauroididae / Opisthotriton kayi: Undescribed skeleton (UALVP 16274) reported and figured by Gardner (2000b,fig. 11-1), but erroneously stated to be from the Tiffanian-age Paskapoo Formation. This is the “complete skeleton from the Scollard Formation near the Cretaceous-Paleocene boundary” mentioned as “Opisthotriton cf. kayi” by Naylor (1981a,p. 3).

2,Rav W-1 horizon in Medicine Hat Brick and Tile Quarry, Frenchmen River Valley, northwest of Ravenscrag, southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada; lower part of Ravenscrag Formation.

Urodela / Batrachosauroididae / Opisthotritonkayi: Reported as “Opisthotriton cf. kayi” in distribution table by Naylor (1981a,table 1),presumably based on specimens in UALVP collections.

Urodela indet.: Johnston and Fox (1984,p. 167) mentioned “salamanders” as part of the vertebrate assemblage at this locality, presumably based on specimens in UALVP collections.

Anura indet.: Johnston and Fox (1984,p. 167) mentioned “frogs” as part of the vertebrate assemblage at this locality, presumably based on specimens in UALVP collections.

Remarks: Fox (1990,p. 54) also mentioned “amphibians” at this locality.

3, Croc Pot,FrenchmenRiverValley, northwest of Ravenscrag, southwestern Saskatchewan,Canada; lower part of Ravenscrag Formation.

Lissamphibia indet.: Fox (1990,p. 54) mentioned “amphibians” at this locality.

4, Localities in GarfieldCounty, northeastern Montana,USA; Tullock Formation.

Urodela / Scapherpetontidae / Scapherpeton tectum: Atlas (UCMP 191981) and trunk vertebra (UCMP 191979,191985) included, but catalogue number not stated, in study by Wilson et al. (2014) from UCMP loc. V74111.

Urodela / Scapherpetontidae / Lisserpeton bairdi: Atlantes (UCMP 191980, 556635) included, but catalogue number not stated, in study by Wilson et al. (2014) from UCMP loc. V74111. Atlantes (UCMP 557553) from UCMP loc. V72126 (DeMar and Wilson unpubl. data). Atlas and fragmentary trunk vertebra (bulk numbered as UCMP 130690) reported by Bryant (1989) from UCMP loc. V74122.

Urodela / Batrachosauroididae / Opisthotriton kayi: Atlantes (UCMP 556655) and a trunk vertebra (UCMP 556622) included, but catalogue number not stated, in study by Wilson et al. (2014) from UCMP loc. V74111. Atlas (UWBM 92960) from UWBM loc. C1152 (= UCMP loc. V73082) (DeMar and Wilson unpubl. obs.). Lot of atlantes, trunk vertebrae, a caudal vertebra, and dentaries (UCMP 130685) reported by Bryant (1989) from UCMP loc. V74122.

Urodela / Batrachosauroididae / Prodesmodon copei: Trunk vertebra (UCMP 557548) identified and includedin study by Wilson et al. (2014) from UCMP loc. V72126. Atlas (UCMP 557555 [originally UCMP 130685; Bryant 1989]) and trunk vertebrae (UCMP 557552) from UCMP loc. V74122 (DeMar and Wilson unpubl. obs.).

Urodela / Sirenidae / Habrosaurus dilatus: Dentary (UCMP 556624) and premaxilla (UCMP 556637) included, but catalogue number not stated, in study by Wilson et al. (2014) from UCMP loc. V74111. Dentary (UCMP 192526) from UCMP loc. V72126 (DeMar and Wilson unpubl. obs.).

Urodela / Amphiumidae / Proamphiuma cretacea: Partial trunk vertebra (UCMP 192529) reported by DeMar (2011) and figured by Wilson et al. (2014,fig. 2P–R) from UCMP loc. V74111 (=UWBM loc. C1369 = MOR loc. FU-655). Trunk vertebrae (UCMP 557549, 192523 and 557550) reported by DeMar (2011) from UCMP locs. V72127 and V74122 (= UWBM loc. C1528), respectively.

Anura indet.: Nearly complete sacral vertebra (UCMP 557556) from UCMP loc. V74122 (DeMar and Wilson unpubl. obs). Also included here is a humerus (UCMP 130681) from an unreported UCMP locality that Bryant (1989) listed as a voucher for Scotiophryne pustulosa, but did not describe or figure. Considering that anuran humeri are of limited diagnostic usefulness for anurans, we conservatively regard that humerus as belonging to an indeterminate anuran.

5, Purgatory Hill locality,McConeCounty, northeastern Montana,USA; Tullock Formation.

Urodela / Scapherpetontidae / Scapherpeton tectum: Reported in faunal list by Van Valen and Sloan (1965,table 1), presumably based on specimens in University of Minnesota collections.

Urodela / Scapherpetontidae / Lisserpeton bairdi: Reported in faunal list by Van Valen and Sloan (1965,table 1), presumably based on specimens in University of Minnesota collections.

Urodela / Batrachosauroididae / Opisthotriton kayi: Reported in faunal list by Van Valen and Sloan (1965,table 1), presumably based on specimens in University of Minnesota collections.

Urodela / Batrachosauroididae / Prodesmodon copei: Reported in faunal list by Van Valen and Sloan (1965,table 1), presumably based on specimens in University of Minnesota collections.

Remarks: At the time of Van Valen and Sloan’s study,Prodesmodoncopei was known by Lancian vertebrae and jaws (Estes 1964); the latter have since been transferred to Albanerpeton (Naylor 1979; Fox and Naylor 1982).If Van Valen and Sloan’s (1965) identification relied to any extent on “Prodesmodon” jaws from Purgatory Hill, then albanerpetontids can be added to the lissamphibian faunal list for that locality.Such an assumption likely was the basis for Fox and Naylor (1982, table 1) having listed “Albanerpeton sp.” at Purgatory Hill in their distribution table for that genus.

6, PTRM localities, Slope and Bowman counties, southwestern North Dakota; Fort Union Formation.

Urodela / Scapherpetontidae / Scapherpeton tectum: Voucher specimens: atlas (PTRM 10083) from PTRM loc. V98023; two atlantes (bulk catalogued as (PTRM 8810) from PTRM loc. V99011; and trunk vertebra (PTRM 16452) from PTRM loc. V98023 (Gardner and Pearson unpubl. obs.).

Urodela / Scapherpetontidae / Lisserpeton bairdi: Voucher specimen: atlas (PTRM unnumbered) from PTRM loc. V02017, horizon 12 (Gardner and Pearson unpubl. obs.).

Urodela / Batrachosauroididae / Opisthotriton kayi: Voucher specimen: atlas (PTRM unnumbered) from PTRM loc. V02017, horizon 16 (Gardner and Pearson unpubl. obs.).

Anura indet.: Voucher specimen: humerus (PTRM unnumbered) from PTRM loc. V02017, horizon 12 (Gardner and Pearson unpubl. obs.).

7,Unnamed locality, Bighorn Basin, Park County, north-central Wyoming, USA; “Hunt Creek member”, Fort Union Formation.

Urodela indet.: Three trackways consisting of manus and pes prints and some “linear grooves, which may be tail drags” (Johnson 1986,p. 2). Johnson (1986,pp. 2, 4 and fig. 2C–E) briefly described these trackways and provided close up photos of three individual prints, but did not figure an entire trackway or report institutional catalogue numbers.

8, Bugger-to-get-to (UW loc. V-82010),WashakieCounty, north-central Wyoming,USA; Polecat Bench Formation.

Urodela / Scapherpetontidae / Scapherpeton tectum: Reported in faunal list by Hartman (1986,table 2), presumably based on a jaw (UW 17539) listed in the UW Collection of Fossil Vertebrates onlinedatabase as having been collected from this locality. Hartman (1986) stated the identification was by B. Breithaupt.

Urodela / Sirenidae / Habrosaurus dilatus: Reported in faunal list by Hartman (1986,table 2), presumably based on a jaw (UW 18286) listed in the UW Collection of Fossil Vertebrates online database as having been collected from this locality.Hartman (1986) stated the identification was by B. Breithaupt.

9,Alexander locality (UCM loc. 77267),DenverBasin,ArapahoeCounty, north-central Colorado,USA; Denver Formation.

Urodela / Scapherpetontidae / gen. et sp. indet.: Reported as “Scapherpetontidae ?n. gen.” in faunal list by Middleton and Dewar (2004,table 1),presumably based on an incomplete trunk vertebra (UCM 47297) from this locality that bears the same taxonomic identification on its label. This specimen is reminiscent of Lisserpeton andPiceoerpeton,but almost certainly does not pertain to a previous unrecognized scapherpetontid genus (Gardnerunpubl. obs.). Here we identify this specimen as Scapherpetontidae indet.

Urodela / Batrachosauroididae / Opisthotritonkayi: Reported as “Opisthotriton cf. O. kayi”in faunal list by Middleton and Dewar (2004,table 1),presumably based on an atlas (UCM 47298) from this locality that bears the same taxonomic identification on its label. This specimen is diagnostic for the species (Gardnerunpubl. obs.), and it is listed accordingly here.

10,West Bijou Creek locality (UCM loc. No. 78191),DenverBasin,ElbertCounty, northeastern Colorado,USA; Denver Formation.

Urodela / Batrachosauroididae / Opisthotritonkayi: Trunk vertebra (UCM 47304) (Gardner unpubl. obs.).

Urodela / Batrachosauroididae / Prodesmodon copei: Atlas (UCM 47303) (Gardner unpubl. obs.).

Urodela / Sirenidae / Habrosaurus sp.: Trunk vertebral centrum and nearly complete trunk vertebra (UCM 47301 and 47302, respectively) (Gardner unpubl. obs.).

Urodela indet.: Atlantal centrum and articular (UCM 47305 and 47306, respectively) (Gardner unpubl. obs.).

11, Kimbetoh E (UCMP loc. V1312),San JuanCounty, northwestern New Mexico,USA; Nacimiento Formation.

Urodela indet.:A fragmentary left dentary (UCMP 89714) lacking the anterior and posterior ends and preserving no teeth was briefly described and figured by Williamson and Lucas (1993,fig. 9A; see also Sullivan and Lucas 1986) as Habrosaurus dilatus. Although the published photograph clearly depicts a salamander dentary in lingual aspect, the specimen exhibits no features that are diagnosticbeyond Urodela indet. and, for that reason, it is listed as such here. Note that the locality information was acquiredvia the UCMP On-line Database (accessed March 24, 2013).

12, Localities in Big Bend National Park, Brewster County, southwestern Texas, USA; upper part of Javelina Member, Tornillo Formation.

Urodela / Batrachosauroididae / Opisthotriton kayi: Trunk vertebra (LSUMG V-935) described and figured by Standhardt (1986,fig. 30) from LSUMG loc. VL-111.

Urodela / Sirenidae / Habrosaurus sp.: Atlantal centrum (LSUMG V-927) described and figured by Standhardt (1986, fig. 32) from LSUMG loc. VL-111. Standhardt (1986) referred this atlas to Habrosaurus dilatus, but because that element is not useful for differentiating congeners, here we list it as Habrosaurus sp.

Anura indet.: Distal end of a humerus (LSUMG V-782) described and figured by Standhardt (1986,fig. 33) from LSUMG loc. VL-108.

Torrejonian(13–20)

13, Diss, west-central Alberta,Canada; Coalspur Formation.

Urodela / Batrachosauroididae / Opisthotritonkayi: Fox (1990,p. 56) mentioned an articulated skull from this locality. This undescribed specimen presumably is in the UALVP collections.

14, ?Who Nose,Calgary, southern Alberta,Canada; Paskapoo Formation.

Albanerpetontidae indet.: Reported as “Albanerpetontidae indet.” in distribution table by Gardner and Böhme (2008,table 12.2). Although not cited in that paper, the basis for that report was two fragmentary jaws (unnumbered UALVP specimens).

Remarks: Scott (2003,p. 745) also mentioned “amphibians” from this locality.

15,Locality 2E (sensu Russell 1929),ElbowRiver,Calgary,southern Alberta,Canada; Paskapoo (= Porcupine Hills) Formation.

Urodela / Scapherpetontidae / Scapherpeton sp.: Reported in preliminary faunal list for this locality by Russell (1929), who stated (p. 164) “It [i.e.,Scapherpeton] is represented here by a typical trunk vertebra.” That specimen was not described or figured and its whereabouts was not reported.

16, Medicine Rocks I localities,CarterCounty, southeastern Montana,USA; Fort Union Formation.

Urodela / Scapherpetontidae / Scapherpeton tectum: Trunk vertebra by Estes (1976,text-fig. 2A–C).Although no catalogue number was given in the figure caption, judging from the corresponding descriptive account (Estes 1976,p. 505) this specimen was part of YPM[PU] 17038, a bulk numbered lot of jaws and vertebrae.

Urodela / Scapherpetontidae / Lisserpeton bairdi: Atlas (YPM [PU] 18573e:Estes 1976,text-fig. 3A, B) and trunk vertebrae (YPM [PU] 18573a, 18573b, 18573c, 18573d:Estes 1976,text-fig. 3C–G) briefly described and figured by Estes (1976). Note that the left dentary (YPM [PU] 16946) described and figured by Estes (1976,text-fig. 3H, I) as Lisserpeton bairdi from the Medicine Rocks I locality later was referred to Piceoerpeton willwoodenseand was shown to have come from the Tiffanian-age Highway Blowout locality, Tongue River Formation, Montana (Naylor and Krause 1981,p. 511).

Urodela / Batrachosauroididae / Opisthotriton kayi: Atlas (YPM [PU] 17039a:Estes 1976,text-fig. 4A, B), trunk vertebrae (YPM [PU] 17039b, 17039c, 17039d:Estes 1976,text-fig. 4C–F), and caudal vertebrae (YPM [PU] 17039e, 17039f:Estes 1976,text-fig. 4G, H) briefly described and figured by Estes (1976).

Urodela / Sirenidae / Habrosaurus dilatus: Vertebrae and a fragmentary tooth plate (YPM [PU] 17045), a probable pathologic second trunk vertebra (YPM [PU] 18574), and an unnumbered atlas reported by Estes (1976).

Anura / Family incertae sedis / cf. Scotiophryne sp.: Ilium (YPM [PU] 17037) briefly described but not figured by Estes (1976).

Anura indet.: Other anuran bones reported by Estes (1976,p. 507) appear too fragmentary, non-descript, or both to be identified beyond Anura indet. These specimens are: distal ends of three humeri (YPM [PU] 16827, 16828, and 16784) identified by Estes (1976) as “Discoglossidae, cf. Scotiophryne sp.”; distal ends of another two humeri (YPM [PU] 16826 and 16829; the latter illustrated by Estes 1976,fig. 2F–G) identified by Estes (1976) as “Discoglossidae,undescribed genus and species”; and three vertebrae (YPM [PU] 18576: Estes 1976,text-fig. 2D–E; other two specimens unnumbered) identified by Estes (1976) as “Anura indeterminate”.

17,Gidley Quarry,SweetgrassCounty, south-central Montana,USA; Lebo Formation.

Urodela / Scapherpetontidae / cf. Scapherpeton tectum: Dentary (AMNH FR 2674) briefly described and figured by Sullivan (1991,fig. 4).This poorly preserved dentary is reminiscent of Lancian dentaries previously referred to Scapherpeton tectum in the form and proportions of the bone (e.g., shallow and elongate; see Estes 1964,fig. 33e), but as noted by Sullivan (1991,p. 296) the teeth appear relatively larger and more widely spaced.

Urodela / Batrachosauroididae / Opisthotriton kayi: Dentary (AMNH FR 2676) described and figured by Sullivan (1991,fig. 2).

Urodela / Batrachosauroididae / Opisthotriton gidleyi nomen dubium: Incomplete and crushed holotype skull (AMNH FR 2667) described and figured by Sullivan (1991,fig. 3). Gardner (2000b,p. 433) argued that the validity of this speciesis questionable, because of the poor preservation of the specimen and doubtful significance of the features Sullivan (1991) used to differentiate it from O. kayi. Here we follow Gardner (2000b) in regarding the name O. gidleyi as a nomen dubium.

Urodela / Sirenidae / Habrosaurus dilatus: Anterior portion of an undescribed skeleton (AMNH FR 2675) briefly described but not figured by Sullivan (1991). We accept Sullivan’s (1991,p. 296) specific identification for this specimen based on his statement that the jaws bear “shovel-shaped teeth”.A palatine (USNM 25871) described and figured by Gardner (2003a,text-fig. 9I, J) comes from an unspecified locality in Sweetgrass County,Montana, in the Lebo Formation of Montana. According to the accompanying specimen label, it was collected by Albert C. Silberling, presumably in the early 1900s when he discovered several fossiliferous localities, including the Gidley and Silberling quarries. Whether USNM 25871 came from one of those quarries or another locality is unknown, but it evidently came from the same county and formation as the above-listed skeleton.

18, Rock Bench Quarry,ParkCounty, northwestern Wyoming,USA; Fort Union Formation.

Urodela / Scapherpetontidae / Scapherpeton tectum: Reported in distribution table by Krause (1980,table 1), based on a personal communication between D. Krause and R. Estes in 1980, but without any other details.

Urodela / Scapherpetontidae / Lisserpeton bairdi: Reported in distribution table by Krause (1980,table 1) based on a personal communication between D. Krause and R. Estes in 1980, but without any other details.

Urodela / Batrachosauroididae / Opisthotriton kayi: Reported in distribution table by Krause (1980,table 1) based on a personal communication between D. Krause and R. Estes in 1980, but without any other details.

Urodela / Sirenidae / Habrosaurus dilatus: Reported in distribution table by Krause (1980,table 1) based on a personal communication between D. Krause and R. Estes in 1980, but without any other details.

19, Swain Quarry,CarbonCounty,south-central Wyoming,USA; Fort Union Formation.

Urodela / Scapherpetontidae / Scapherpeton tectum: Eight atlantes and one trunk vertebra (all AMNH specimens) reported by Sullivan (1980), including figured atlas (AMNH 12017: Sullivan 1980,fig. 4) that is diagnostic for the species. Sullivan (1980) also reported as “cf. Scapherpetontectum” a fragmentary dentary (AMNH 12009:Sullivan 1980,fig. 5) that appears to be consistent in its preserved structure to Lancian dentaries previously referred to S. tectum (e.g., Estes 1964,fig. 33e).

Urodela / Batrachosauroididae / Opisthotriton kayi:Four unfigured dentaries (all AMNH specimens) and an atlas (AMNH 14305: Sullivan 1980,fig. 6) reported by Sullivan (1980), the latter of which is clearly diagnostic for the species. This species was also reported in a distribution table by Sullivan (1991,table 2).

Urodela / Sirenidae / Habrosaurus sp.:Six dentaries (all AMNH specimens), including one figured example (AMNH 12205: Sullivan 1980,fig. 8) and an atlas (AMNH 12203: Sullivan 1980,fig. 7) reported as “Habrosaurus dilatus” by Sullivan (1980). The same species-level identification was reported in a distribution table by Sullivan (1991,table 2). Although the figured elements are diagnostic for Habrosaurus, assignment to species is impossible because none of the dentaries preserve the diagnostically critical teeth.

20,KutzCanyon,San JuanCounty, northwestern New Mexico,USA; Nacimiento Formation.

Urodela / Sirenidae / Habrosaurus dilatus: Two incomplete and uncatalogued dentaries (KU collections) reported by Sullivan and Lucas (1986,table 1 and p. 203).

Puercan or Torrejonian(21)

21, Sheep Pass Canyon, southern Egan Range, east-central Nevada, USA; Member B, Sheep Pass Formation.

Anura / Palaeobatrachidae / Palaeobatrachusoccidentalis: Preliminary identification presented in conference abstract by Shirk et al. (2009), on the basis of iliac features in two undescribed, articulated skeletons. These identifications have yet to be substantiated by a more detailed description and comparison of the relevant specimens, but we provisionally retain this identification to highlight the possible presence of Palaeobatrachus occidentalis in the earliest Cenozoic of North America and the possible existence of articulated skeletons that could help resolve the generic and familial affinities of that species.

Remarks: From the same locality and horizon (i.e., Member B), Bonde et al. (2011) mentioned other partially disarticulated skeletons and isolated, reworked bones of anurans; no taxonomic identifications have been provided for those fossils. Additional anuran fossils have been reported from the same locality and formation, in the overlying Member C (see our Appendix 9, number 22).