Name: ______Period: ______
PAP Semester Exam Review 2016
1. List the characteristics of living things. Made of one or more cells, Displays organization, Grows and develops, Reproduces, Responds to stimuli, Requires energy, Maintains homeostasis, and Adaptations evolve over time. (THEY ALL CONTAIN NUCLEIC ACIDS)
2. Use the Aquatic Food Web above to answer the following questions (Ch. 2)
a. Which organism would have the most energy available? Phytoplankton
b. In an energy pyramid, which organisms would be placed at the top? Smaller toothed whales, sperm whales
c. In an energy pyramid, which organism would be placed at the bottom? Phytoplankton
d. Name two consumers: Answers will vary
e. Name one producer: Answers will vary
3. Describe the following types of symbiosis. Give an example of each. (p 39-40)
Symbiotic Relationship / Description / ExampleCommensalism / One organism benefits from the relationship & the other one is neither helped nor harmed. / Answers will vary.
Mutualism / Both organisms benefit from the relationship. / Answers will vary.
Parasitism / One organism benefits while causing harm to another organism / Answers will vary.
4. Describe each of the levels biological organization (pg. 36)
a. Organism: Individual living thing
b. Population: group of organisms of the same species that interbreed and live in the same place
c. Community: All of the different populations of species that live in the same place at the same time
d. Ecosystem: A biological community (includes abiotic & biotic factors)
e. Biosphere: Earth
5. An ocean food chain is shown in the diagram above. Which organism represents the trophic level containing approximately 1% of the initial amount of solar energy acquired by the phytoplankton? (pg.44) Sand eels
6. In the food web above what would happen if all the sand eels are removed from the water? The population of copepods would increase, phytoplankton would decrease, and the population of humans and herring would decrease.
7. Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors. (p 35) Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of an ecosystem whereas the biotic factors are the living parts.
8. Circle all the biotic factors: Water---Minerals----Grass---Sunlight---Algae---Fish
9. Put the following stages of succession below in the correct order. (pg. 62-64) B-C-A-D
10. List the ecological succession below in the correct order.
Orderr / Description3 / Sea lyme grass, sea rockets, oyster plants, and other vascular plants and shrubs appear.
1 / The lava and sand have few nutrients and are barren.
4 / Dwarf willow trees colonize the island.
2 / Mosses, lichens, and plants that are adapted to dispersal by the sea or the wind and that grow in sand appear.
11. What normally appears on bare rocks during primary succession? lichen
12. If there is a reduction in the number of organisms that feed on algae in an aquatic ecosystem, what eventually will happen to the algae? (ch2) The algae will overgrow
13. Explain how trees AND a lack of trees affect the carbon cycle. (p 47) If there is a lack of trees then too much carbon dioxide will build up in the atmosphere. Trees take in (remove) carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
14. Circle all the organisms that would contain cells with tough structure.
Cat, Dog, Tree, Human, Flower, Fish
15. Define Homeostasis. (pg. 10) Regulation of a stable internal environment.
16. As organisms grow and become larger, how can you best explain what is happening to the cells as the organism gets bigger? The number of cells in the organism multiplies
11
17. Below are the functions and structure of the 4 Biomolecules (Macromolecules). Fill in the missing blanks (p 166-171)
Macromolecule / Function / Structure / MonomerCarbohydrate / Main source of energy / / Monosaccharide
Lipid / Membrane Component (provides insulation) / / Fatty Acid
Protein / Body growth, Repair, Reactions / / Amino Acid
Nucleic Acid / Genetic information / / Nucleotide
18. Enzymes are made of which Biomolecule? Proteins What suffix is used to identify an enzyme? ..ase
19. What is osmosis and describe which direction the water will moved if placed in a hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solution (p 203-205) Also, describe how will the cell react.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water (solvent) across a barrier.
Hypotonic—cells get bigger (more water (solvent) enters than exits)
Isotonic—no change in cell size (equal amount of water (solvent) enters and exits the cell)
Hypertonic—cells get smaller (more water (solvent) exits the cell)
20. Complete the table the major cell organelles and their functions. (p 199)
Cell Structure / Function / Cell Types(Animal or Plant)
Cell wall / For protection, support / Plant
Centrioles / Anchor and assemble microtubules / Animal
Chloroplast / Site of photosynthesis / Plant
Cilia / Motility / Both
Cytoskeleton / Structural support, cell movement / Both
Endoplasmic reticulum / Rough ER: protein synthesis; Smooth ER: lipid synthesis / Both
Flagella / Motility / Both
Golgi apparatus / Packages proteins for export / Both
Lysosome / Digests macromolecules and cell debris / Both
Mitochondrion / Carries out cell respiration, produces ATP / Both
Nucleus / Control center of cell, directs protein synthesis / Both
Plasma Membrane / Outer layer, regulates what passes in and out of the cell / Both
Ribosome / Site of protein synthesis / Both
Vacuole / Storage compartment for water, sugars, ions, and pigment / Both
21. Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and sketch a diagram of each. Label the cell membrane, ribosome, and DNA in each cell. (p 185-186)
Prokaryote-no nucleus
Eukaryote-nucleus
22. Why do cells have specialized functions? So they can perform many different tasks
23. What is produced in chloroplasts that the mitochondria use to make cellular energy? (Ch. 8) Glucose is produced in the chloroplasts of plants that will later be used to make ATP during cellular respiration in the mitochondria.
24. Explain the synthesis of macromolecules from their monomers. (p 161-171) When monomers bond together to make macromolecules (polymer); water is removed (released). This process is called dehydration synthesis.
25. The diagram shown represent the stages of a what cellular process Mitosis?
26. List the stages in the correct order. (p. 248-252) C-B-D-A
27. Give an example of what could happen if there is a disruption in the cell cycle. (p. 254-255)
Uncontrolled cell growth--cancer
28. What is meiosis and what is the result of meiosis? (p. 271-276)
Meiosis is reduction division in which the number of chromosomes are cut in half. Provides for
Genetic variation
29. What makes your DNA the same as all other organisms and what makes it different? (Ch. 12)
Same: all organisms share the same 4 nitrogen bases (ATCG). The sequence or order of these
Bases make each unique (different)
30. A farmer’s crop of corn has been selectively bred to produce more ears per stalk and more kernels per ear. What would cause the next generation of corn to receive these same traits?
A. better fertilizer B. more sunshine C. information in the corn’s chromosomes D. minerals in the water
31. Hawaiian happy face spiders from the island of Maui can have different markings, as shown. A single gene determines the markings on the spiders. The pattern allele, P, is dominant to the plain allele, p. A plain spider (homozygous recessive) is crossed with a patterned spider (homozygous dominant). What percentage of the offspring are expected to be patterned instead of plain? (Hint: Draw a Punnett Square)
100%
32. If several pea plants with the genotype TTYy are crossed with pea plants with the genotype Ttyy, what percentage of the offspring will be expected to have the TtYy allele combination? (Draw a Punnett Square) 25%
33. What process is represented in the diagram above? Transcription
34. What molecule is being produced? mRNA
35. Describe transcription and translation including where they occur. (p. 337-338)
Transcription occurs inside the nucleus; part of the DNA sequence is copied into complimentary mRNA
Translation occurs on the ribosome; the mRNA is decoded into a protein
36. The sequence of DNA nucleotides determines which amino acids (proteins) are synthesized.
37. A scientist inserts a gene for red pigment from a butterfly into the DNA of a yellow butterfly. If the red color is expressed, the scientist knows that which of the following occurred?
A. the gene mutated in the cells
B. the gene destroyed the original cells
*C. the gene was transcribed and translated
D. the gene killed the yellow butterfly
38. Describe mutations and their possible outcomes. (p. 346)
Mutations are a mistake in the DNA sequence of chromosomes. Mutations can be helpful or harmful.
39. How are mutations passed on to offspring? (p. 349)
A mutation that occurs in the gametes is passed to offspring.
40. A model of a DNA molecule is shown to the right.
The arrow indicates –
A the bond between adjacent phosphate and deoxyribose molecules
B the junction of introns and exons in the sense strand of DNA
*C the hydrogen bond between complementary nucleotides
D the junction of a codon and a DNA triplet
41. What is chromosome painting? What is it used for? (see notes)
Technique scientists use to mark the locations of genes on human chromosomes with fluorescent tags.
It’s used to compare the genomes of different species.
42. Which of the following polypeptides is coded for by the mRNA sequence listed below?
A. Val, Lys, Phe, Ser, Glu
B. Met, Asp, Phe, Ala, Arg
C. Met, Val, Lys, Asp, Glu, Ser*
D. Thr, Glu, Lys, Asp, Gly, Leu
43. The picture above shows 2 individuals Karyotypes. Circle which of the following information you can determine by examining this karyotype?
Gender, phenotype, genome, extra chromosome, missing chromosome, genotype,
44. Explain how invasive/introduced species can alter an ecosystem. (p 128)
Invasive species can negatively impact ecosystems in a variety of ways. They can displace native species, compete for resources (food, water and nesting site) and lack natural enemies.
45. Describe enzymes using the following terms: pH, substrate, activated complex, and the suffix used to identify enzymes. (p 159-160) The function of an enzyme is to lower the activation energy required for the chemical reaction to proceed therefore catalyzing (speeding up) the chemical reaction. Enzymes have a 3-D shape which can be denatured (destroyed) if there are extreme changes in the preferred pH or temperature.
46. Using the diagram above to identify the process.
D tRNA G mRNA F Codon
E Anticodon C Ribosome A Nucleus
47. Draw and identify the 3 parts to a nucleotide. (pg. 329-330)
Sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen base
48 Which components of the nucleotide is referred as the genetic code? (pg. 329-330) Nitrogen bases
49. If a horse cell contains 64 chromosomes. What is the correct number of chromosomes produced by mitosis? 64 How many cell are produced after mitosis is complete? 2
50. What kind of relationship is shown in the graph below between the two species? Predator-Prey
51. What is carry capacity? (pg.98) The maximum number of individuals that an environment can support/sustain for long term.
52. DNA contains codes for proteins, which are necessary for the growth and functioning of an organism
Dye / TestAcridine orange / Stains DNA and RNA
Osmium tetroxide / Stains lipids
Eosin / Stains cell cytoplasm
Nile blue / Stains cell nuclei
53. What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle? The DNA must be replicated
54. Which of the diagrams below best represents the net movement of molecules In osmosis?
55. Starch turns blue-black in the presence of iodine solution.
A selectively permeable dialysis sac containing a starch solution is placed into a beaker of iodine solution.
56. If the dialysis sac is permeable only to water and iodine, what will the solution in the beaker and the sac look like after two hours?
- The iodine solution in the beaker will turn blue-black; the starch solution will not change
B. The starch solution in the dialysis sac will turn blue-black; the iodine solution will not change
11