Name: ______Period: ______

PAP Molecular Genetics & Biotechnology Notes

Main Idea
DNA codes for RNA, which guides ______

From Genes to Genetic expression

(The central dogma of molecular biology)

TranscriptionTranslation

______->______->______->______-> ______

Role of DNA and RNA

  • DNA is the ______
  • RNA is the ______of the Master Plan

DNA vs RNA

1

DNA

•Sugar-Deoxyribose

•Double Stranded

•Nitrogen Bases: Adenine, ______, Guanine, Cytosine,

•Difference: ______

•G,C,A,T

RNA

•Sugar Ribose

•Single Stranded

•Nitrogen Bases: Adenine, ______, Guanine, Cytosine

•Difference: ______

1

Answer the following questions as you watch the video

  1. DNA codes for ______
  2. What does Protein Synthesis make? ______
  3. Yes or No: Is all the DNA turn on all the time?
  4. DNA is located in the ______
  5. What are the 2 step in Protein Synthesis?

______

______

  1. How many letters are read at a time? ______

RNA and Protein Synthesis

DNA remains in the ______, but in order for it to get its instructions translated into proteins, it must send its message to the ribosomes where proteins are made.

There a 3 types of RNA involved in this process

Moving the information from DNA to Proteins

------> ------>

2 Main Steps in Protein Synthesis

1. Transcription: Takes place in the______, mRNA reads the DNA strand, then moves to the ______for translation.

2. Translation: Take place in the______, tRNA carries amino acids to the mRNA to the site of a ribosome (rRNA)

In RNA

  • Adenine pairs with______(A-U)
  • Guanine pairs with Cytosine (G-C)

Genetic Engineering

  • Genetic engineering is technology that involves ______the DNA of one organism in order to ______the DNA of another organism.

Mutations

Mutation can be harmful, helpful or neutral in their effect. Mutations create ______.

Mutations are ______changes in the genetic material. A mutation that occurs in the ______will most likely transferred to the ______.

Types of Gene Mutations

Point Mutations: Change of a single nucleotide.

1. Substitution: ______in the nucleotide

2. Frameshift: ______or ______of a single nucleotide

  • In ______, one base replaces another

  • In an ______, an extra base is inserted into the base sequence.
  • The loss of a single letter shows the effect of a ______.

Chromosome Mutations:

  • Deletion: ______a chromosome segment
  • Inversion: ______a segment within a chromosome
  • Translocation:______a segment from one chromosome to another, non-homologous one
  • Duplication:______a segment
  • Non-disjunction: chromosomes fails to ______properly during meiosis

Chromosome Mutations: creates ______variation.

Biotechnology

Biotechnology is the use of ______to find solutions to problems.

  • Goal for the Human Genome Project was to sequence all the ______in the human body. (3 Billion nucleotides and 20,000-25,000 genes)
  • This was completed in ______

Pharmacogenomics

  • The study of how genetic inheritance ______the body’s response to drugs is called ______

Gene therapy

  • Gene therapy is a technique aimed at ______mutated genes that cause human ______
  • Scientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to ______a dysfunctional gene.

Gel Electrophoresis

  1. DNA is cut into smaller pieces using restriction ______
  2. An electrical current is applied
  3. DNA is separated by size. Shorter fragments move farther down the ______than longer fragments

Used in:

DNA ______

DNA Fingerprinting

•Best way to determine if two people are genetically ______

•Used in ______counseling, parental ______, crime scenes, classification of new species of organisms.

1