Overview of the Qualifications, Selection and Appointment of Elders

Overview of the Qualifications, Selection and Appointment of Elders

(Elders – Lesson 6) 1

Overview of the Qualifications, Selection
and Appointment of Elders

Lesson Six

Qualifications from Titus:

  1. "Blameless" [anenkletos] (Titus 1:6, 7)
  2. Although a different Greek word is used, the meaning is essentially the same as the qualification found in 1 Timothy 3:2.
  1. "The husband of one wife" [miasgunaikosaner] (Titus 1:6)
  2. The definitions and meaning of this qualification are essentially the same as found in 1 Timothy 3:2.
  1. "Having faithful children, not accused of dissipation or insubordination " [teknaechonpista me enkategoriaasotias e anupotakta] (Titus 1:6)
  2. Other translations:
  3. "Having faithful children, not accused of dissipation or insubordination" (NKJV)
  4. "Having faithful children not accused of wildness or rebellion" (Holman)
  5. "His children are believers and not open to the charge of debauchery or insubordination" (ESV)
  6. "Their children must be followers of the Lord and not have a reputation for being wild and disobedient" (CEV)
  7. "And must have believing children. They must not be known as children who are wild and do not cooperate" (NCV)
  8. "The father of children who are believers, who are under no imputation of loose living, and are not out of control" (NEB)
  9. "A man whose children believe and are not open to the charge of being wild and disobedient" (NIV)
  10. "Whose children are believers, not accused of debauchery and not rebellious" (NRSV)
  11. "Having children steadfast, not under accusation of riotous living or insubordinate" (Young)
  12. "Having children that believe, who are not accused of riot or unruly" (ASV)
  13. "Having faithful children not accused of riot or unruly" (KJV)
  14. "His children are believers and not open to the charge of being profligate or insubordinate" (RSV)
  15. "Having children who believe, not accused of dissipation or rebellion" (NASV)
  16. Definitions:
  17. "Faithful" [pistos]
  18. Bauer, Danker, Arndt and Gingrich: "…2. act. trusting, cherishing faith or trust...also believing, full of faith, faithful... Of one who confesses the Christian faith believing or a believer in the Lord, in Christ, in God...The abs. pistos also means believing (in Christ), a (Christian) believer and is used both as adj. and as subst... Titus 1:6... oipistoi the believers=the Christians Ac 12:3..."(pp. 664-665)
  19. Thayer: "…2. easily persuaded; believing, confiding, trusting... in the N.T. one who trusts in God’s promises, Gal. iii. 9; is convinced that Jesus has been raised from the dead, opp. to apistos, Jn xx. 27; one who has become convinced that Jesus is the Messiah and the author of salvation...[a believer]..."(#4103, p. 514)
  20. Vine: "a verbal adjective, akin to peitho...is used in two senses, (a) Passive, faithful, to be trusted, reliable… (b) Active, signifying believing, trusting, relying... "With regard to believers, they are spoken of sometimes in the Active sense, sometimes in the Passive, i.e., sometimes as believers, sometimes as faithful..."(#4103, p. 402)
  21. "Children"
  22. Same definition and meaning found in 1 Timothy 3:4.
  23. "Accused" [kategoria]
  24. Bauer, Danker, Arndt and Gingrich: "accusation..."(p. 423)
  25. Thayer: "[fr.Hdt. down], accusation, charge: w. gen. of the pers. accused...w. gen. of the crime, Titusi. 6."(#2724, p. 340)
  26. Vine: "an accusation, is found in John 18:29; 1 Tim. 5:19 and Titus 1:6, lit., ‘not under accusation.’ This and the verb kategoreo, to accuse, and noun kategoros, an accuser...all have chiefly to do with judicial procedure, as distinct from diaballo, to slander. It is derived from agora, a place of public speaking, prefixed by kata, against; hence it signifies a speaking against a person before a public tribunal. It is the opposite toapologia, a defense."(#2724, p. 18)
  27. "Dissipation " [asotia]
  28. Bauer, Danker, Arndt and Gingrich: "debauchery, dissipation, profligacy, lit. incorrigibility..."(p. 119)
  29. Thayer: "(the character of an asotos, i.e. of an abandoned man, one that cannot be saved...hence prop. incorrigibleness), an abandoned, dissolute, life; profligacy, prodigality, [R.V. riot]..."(#810, pp. 82-83)
  30. Vine: "prodigality, a wastefulness, profligacy (a, negative, sozo, to save)...The corresponding verb is found in a papyrus writing, telling of ‘riotous living’..."(#810, p. 971)
  31. "Insubordination" [anupotaktos]
  32. Bauer, Danker, Arndt and Gingrich: "1. not made subject, independent...2.undisciplined, disobedient, rebellious...Of refractory church members Tit 1:10. Of spoiled children 1:6."(p. 76)
  33. Thayer: "1. [passively] not made subject, unsubjected... 2. [actively] that cannot be subjected to control, disobedient, unruly, refractory: 1 Tim. 1. 9; Titus 1. 6, 10..."(#506, p. 52)
  34. Vine: "not subject to rule (a, negative, n, euphonic, hupotasso, to put in subjection), is used (a) of things...(b) of persons, ‘unruly,’ 1 Tim. 1:9, R.V. (A.V., ‘disobedient’); Titus 1:6, 10."(#506, p. 1186)
  1. Comments:
  2. Does this mean that one’s children must be Christians before one can be qualified to serve as an elder?
  3. Some believe this means an elder must have children who are Christians [i.e. Faithful to God].

1)The original word pistos often means "faithful to God" [i.e. a believing Christian]. (cf. John17:30)

2)This is the way the translators of the major English translations understand this word in this context.

  1. Others believe this means an elder must have reliable or trustworthy children [i.e. Faithful to the father].

1)The original word pistos can have this meaning – "reliable, trustworthy, dependable". (Luke 16:10-12)

2)But this definition does not fit with the context of demonstrating one's worthiness to rule the Lord's church.

3)How could a man demonstrate his effectiveness in ruling the Lord's church if his children are faithful to him, yet lack faithfulness to the Lord?

  1. Does this mean that all of a man’s children must be faithful?
  2. The word "children" encompasses all of a man’s offspring (whether natural or adopted).
  3. The word "faithful" is an adjective used to modify the noun "children".
  4. If one child is not "faithful," then that adjective cannot be used to describe this man’s "children".
  5. If a man’s children were "faithful," while under his roof, but one or two become "unfaithful" after they leave home, does this disqualify a man from serving as an elder?
  6. This is debatable:

1)Paul seems to be speaking about children in a father's household. (cf. 1 Timothy 3:4-5)

2)Fathers are not always accountable for the attitudes and the actions of their children. (Deuteronomy 24:16; cf. 21:18-21)

3)Righteous fathers can have wicked sons. (Ezekiel 18:5-13)

a)Jehovah was a perfect Father to Israel, yet Israel rebelled against Him (Isaiah 1:2).

4)Righteous fathers with wicked sons have been the leaders of God’s people in the past.

a)Eli, Samuel, David.

  1. However, when a child becomes unfaithful after leaving the home, parents may need to question what they could have done to avoid this happening. (Proverbs. 22:6)

1)Karl Diestelkamp: "If my children do not follow the Lord after I have brought them up and finished my training of them, can it still be said that I have ruled well my own house, my children are not unruly and I am blameless in the manner of their upbringing?" ("Qualifications Of Elders (2), Guardian of Truth, October 22, 1981, 25:42:658)

2)If a man’s children are not "faithful," that may not disqualify him from the standpoint of management, but it may weaken his influence to such an extent that he would be unqualified.

  1. Furthermore, if a man’s children are "faithful," that doesn’t necessarily mean that he’s qualified to be an elder.

1)Are they "faithful" because of him or in spite of him?

  1. Questions:
  2. Are his children faithful Christians and leading lives that honor the Lord and their parents – whether or not they are still living at home?
  3. Do they revere, respect and honor their father?
  4. Are his children known for demonstrating good moral conduct and a good reputation of children with decent character?
  5. Does he rule his household well?
  1. "Not self-willed" [authades] (Titus 1:7)
  2. Other translations:
  3. "Not self-willed" ( ASV, KJV NASV, NKJV)
  4. "Not self-pleasing" (Marshall)
  5. "Not self-pleased" (Young)
  6. "Not arrogant" (Holman, ESV, RSV, NRSV)
  7. "Must not be bossy" (CEV)
  8. "Being selfish" (NCV)
  9. "He must not be overbearing" (NEB)
  10. "Not overbearing" (NIV)
  11. Definitions:
  12. Bauer, Danker, Arndt and Gingrich: "self-willed, stubborn, arrogant Tit 1:7..."(pp. 120-121)
  13. Thayer: "self-pleasing, self-willed, arrogant: Titusi. 7..." (#829, pp. 83-84)
  14. Vine: "self-pleasing (autos, self, hedomai, to please), denotes one who, dominated by self-interest, and inconsiderate of others, arrogantly asserts his own will, ‘self-willed,’ Titus 1:7..., ‘one so far overvaluing any determination at which he has himself once arrived that he will not be removed from it’..."(#829, p. 1014)
  15. Comments:
  16. This is an important qualification because:
  17. An elder must work with other elders.You never see an individual elder exercising his own personal authority in the NT.
  18. Elders must not "lord if over the flock". (1 Peter 5:3)This will be impossible for the man who is self-willed.
  19. A self-willed shepherd will not properly care for the flock of God.(cf. Ezekiel 34:1-16)
  20. J. W. McGarvey: "No man is fit to hold office jointly with other men, who is not content to often yield his own will to that of his compeers. Neither is any man capable of exercising moral sway over a community, who, possesses an iron will that never bends to the wishes of others."(A Treatise On The Eldership, pp. 59-60)
  21. The eldership is no place for a "Diotrephes". (3 John 9-10)
  22. However, we must not confuse uncompromising conviction to defend the truth of the gospel with being self-will. They are not the same.
  23. Questions:
  24. Is he dogmatic, impatient with those who contradict or disagree with him, and unyielding?
  25. Can he be reasoned with?
  26. Does he show anger when he doesn’t get his way?
  27. Does he have a "my way or the highway" attitude?
  1. "Not quick-tempered" [me orgilos] (Titus 1:7)
  2. Other translations:
  3. "Not quick-tempered" (CEV, Holman, NASV, NIV, NKJV)
  4. "Not becoming angry quickly" (NCV)
  5. "Not soon angry" (ASV, KJV)
  6. "He must not be...quick-tempered" (RSV, NRSV)
  7. "He must not be...short-tempered" (NEB)
  8. Definitions:
  9. Bauer, Danker, Arndt and Gingrich: "inclined to anger, quick-tempered..."(p. 579)
  10. Thayer: "prone to anger, irascible, [A.V. soon angry]: Titusi. 7..."(#3711, p. 452)
  11. Vine: "angry, prone to anger, irascible...is rendered ‘soon angry’ in Titus 1:7."(#3711, p. 49)
  12. Comments:
  13. This does not mean "never angry".
  14. God gets angry. (2 Samuel 6:7)
  15. Jesus got angry. (Mark 3:5)
  16. All Christians, especially elders, need to feel righteous indignation at times.
  17. If we love God, we must hate evil. (Psalm 97:10)
  18. The man who never gets angry about anything, including sin and ungodliness, shouldn’t be an elder.
  19. But we must be angry about the right things, at the right time, in the right way. (cf. Ephesians 4:26)
  20. And like God (cf. Nehemiah 9:17), we must be slow to anger.(cf. James 1:19-20)
  21. This is a very important quality for those who would shepherd and oversee the flock of God.
  22. They will be dealing with those who are weak and indifferent, and this can be very frustrating.
  23. They will probably have to deal with false teachers, or deal with strife and disputes between brethren, and to do that, they need to be slow to anger. (cf.Proverbs 15:18)
  24. They will most likely be criticized unjustly, so they will have to be able to control their tempers. (cf. Proverbs 19:11)
  25. Questions:
  26. Is this man quickly angered when challenged or questioned?
  27. Is he irritable or easily provoked?
  28. Are you afraid to talk to him?
  29. How does this man behave in a business meeting or a Bible class?
  1. "Not given to wine" [me paroinon] (Titus 1:7)
  2. Same definition and meaning found in 1 Timothy 3:3
  1. "Not violent" [me plekten] (Titus 1:7)
  2. The definitions and meaning of this qualification are essentially the same as found in 1 Timothy 3:3
  1. "Not greedy for money" [aischrokerdes] (Titus 1:7)
  2. The definitions and meaning of this qualification are essentially the same as found in 1 Timothy 3:3
  1. "Hospitable" [philoxenos] (Titus 1:8)
  2. The definitions and meaning of this qualification are essentially the same as found in 1 Timothy 3:2
  1. "A lover of what is good" [philagathos] (Titus 1:8)
  2. Other translations:
  3. "A lover of what is good" (NKJV)
  4. "A lover of good" (ASV, ESV)
  5. "A lover of good [men/things]" (Marshall)
  6. "A lover of good men" (KJV, Young)
  7. "A lover of goodness" (NRSV, RSV)
  8. "Loving what is good" (Holman, NASV, NCV)
  9. "Right-minded" (NEB)
  10. "One who loves what is good" (NIV)
  11. "Enjoy doing good things" (CEV)
  12. Definitions:
  13. Bauer, Danker, Arndt and Gingrich: "loving what is good Tit 1:8."(p. 858)
  14. Thayer: "loving goodness: Titusi. 8..."(#5358, p. 653)
  15. Vine: "loving that which is good (agathos), Titus 1:8, ‘a lover of good,’ R.V."(#5358, p. 695)
  16. Comments:
  17. This qualification pertains to a man’s inner character.
  18. This man loves good words, good works, good men, and good things.
  19. This kind of man will do all he can to encourage others in the performance of that which is good.
  20. William Barclay: "The Christian office-bearer must be a man whose heart answers to the good in whatever person, in whatever place and in whatever action he finds it."(The Letters to Timothy, Titus, and Philemon, p. 238)
  21. Question:
  22. Does this man allow things of secondary importance to come before worship and service to God?
  23. What kind of things does this man talk about? (cf. Matthew 12:34-35)
  24. Is it evident from his words and his deeds that he loves good wherever it is to be found?
  25. Is he ready unto every good work? (Titus 3:1)
  26. Can he be counted on when there is "good" to be done?
  27. Does he enjoy the company of good men, reading good literature, wholesome entertainment, pure conversation, etc.?
  1. "Sober-minded" [sophron] (Titus 1:8)
  2. The definitions and meaning of this qualification are essentially the same as found in 1 Timothy 3:2
  1. "Just" [dikaios] (Titus 1:8)
  2. Other translations:
  3. "Just" (ASV, KJV, NASV, NEB, NKJV)
  4. "Fair" (CEV)
  5. "Wise" (NCV)
  6. "Righteous" (Holman, Young)
  7. "Upright" (ESV, NIV, NRSV, RSV)
  8. Definitions:
  9. Bauer, Danker, Arndt and Gingrich: "1. of men upright, just, righteous...conforming to the laws of God and man, and living in accordance w. them. a. w. emphasis on the legal aspect... b. w. emphasis on the relig. aspect: not violating the sovereignty of God, and keeping his laws... 2. of God...just, righteous w. ref. to his judgment of men and nations... 3. ofJesus... 4. of things... 5. The neuter denotes that which is obligatory in view of certain requirements of justice..."(pp. 195-196)
  10. Thayer: "...righteous, observing divine and human laws; one who is such as he ought to be... 1. in a wide sense, upright, righteous, virtuous, keeping the commands of God... b. the negative idea predominating: innocent, faultless, guiltless... c. preeminently, of him whose way of thinking, feeling, and acting is wholly conformed to the will of God, and who therefore needs no rectification in heart or life; in this sense Christ alone can be called dikaios...of God: holy... d. contextually, approved of God, acceptable to God... 2. In a narrower sense, rendering to each his due; and that in a judicial sense, passing just judgment on others, whether expressed in words or shown by the manner of dealing with them: Titusi. 8...."(#1342, pp. 148-149)
  11. Vine: "was first used of persons observant of dike, custom, rule, right, especially in the fulfilment of duties towards gods and men, and of things that were in accordance with right. The Eng. word ‘righteous’ was formerly spelt ‘rightwise’, i.e., (in a) straight way. In the N.T. it denotes righteous, a state of being right, or right conduct, judged whether by the Divine standard, or according to human standards, of what is right. Said of God, it designates the perfect agreement between His nature and His acts (in which He is the standard for all men)... It is used (1) in the broad sense, of persons: (a) of God... (b) of Christ... (c) of men... (2) of things..."(#1342, p. 613)
  12. Comments:
  13. This is an essential qualification, because part of an elder’s work is judicial in its nature. There will be times when he must act as a judge, and as such he must be just.
  14. Sam Dawson: "All his decisions will be made from a heart and mind of a shepherd that loves the sheep regardless of their smallness or greatness."("Qualifications And Work Of Elders," Part VI, Olsen Park Gospel Themes, Oct. 1, 1982, 4:6:37)
  15. Questions:
  16. Is this man upright in his dealing with others?
  17. Is he honest, fair and impartial?
  18. Will this man listen to both sides of a story? (cf. Proverbs 18:13; Jn. 7:51)
  19. Does he pay his debts?
  20. Does he do a day’s work for a day’s pay?
  1. "Holy" [hosios] (Titus 1:8)
  2. Other translations:
  3. "Holy" (ASV, ESV, Holman, KJV, NCV, NKJV, RSV)
  4. "Pure" (CEV)
  5. "Devout" (NASV, NEB, NIV, NRSV)
  6. Definitions:
  7. Bauer, Danker, Arndt and Gingrich: "1. adj. – a. of men devout, pious, pleasing to God, holy... b. of God...holy...2.subst. – a. ta hosia(divine decrees in contrast to ta dikaia, human statutes...)..."(p. 585)
  8. Thayer: "undefiled by sin, free from wickedness, religiously observing every moral obligation, pure, holy, pious..."(#3741, p. 456)
  9. Vine: "...signifies religiously right, holy, as opposed to what is unrighteous or polluted. It is commonly associated with righteousness...It is used ‘of God...and of the body of the Lord Jesus...In 1 Tim. 2:8 and Titus 1:8, it is used of the character of Christians... In the Sept., hosios frequently represents the Hebrew word chasid, which varies in meaning between ‘holy’ and ‘gracious,’ or ‘merciful;’..."(#3741, p. 557)
  10. Comments:
  11. This kind of person does what God says, the way God says it, for the reason God says it, because God says it.
  12. This man is characterized by purity of life.
  13. Questions:
  14. Is this man devoted to God?
  15. Does he live a pure life, free from contamination by sin?
  16. Not that he never sins, but immediately corrects any wrong he commits.
  1. "Self-controlled" [enkrates] (Titus 1:8)
  2. Other translations:
  3. "Self-controlled" (ASV, CEV, ESV, NASV, NCV, NEB, NKJV, NRSV, RSV)
  4. "Temperate"(KJV)
  5. "Disciplined" (NIV)
  6. Definitions:
  7. Bauer, Danker, Arndt and Gingrich: "self-controlled, disciplined..."(p. 216)
  8. Thayer: "1. prop. equiv. to ho enkratei on, strong, robust… 2. having power over, possessed of (a thing), with a gen. of the object… 3.mastering, controlling, curbing, restraining… absol. (without a gen.), controlling one’s self, temperate, continent…"(#1468, p. 167)
  9. Vine: "...denotes exercising self-control, rendered ‘temperate’ in Titus 1:8."(#1468, p. 1126)
  10. Comments:
  11. William Barclay: "The Greek word describes the man who has achieved complete self-mastery. Any man who would serve others must first be master of himself."(The Letters to Timothy, Titus, and Philemon, p. 239)
  12. Questions:
  13. Does this man control his temper, his tongue, his moods, his actions, his habits, etc.?
  14. Is this man addicted to any substance (i.e. tobacco, medications, alcohol, etc.)
  15. How would an elder who is addicted to any substance be able to deal with an alcoholic or a drug addict? (cf. 1 Peter 5:3)
  16. What kind of an influence could this man be with teenagers who are starting to experiment with tobacco, drugs, or alcohol?
  17. How much respect would someone struggled to "kick the habit" have for a man who is still "hooked"?
  1. "Holding fast the faithful word as he has been taught" [autechomenon ton kata ten didachenpistou logon] (Titus 1:9)
  2. Other translations:
  3. "Holding fast the faithful word as he has been taught" (NKJV)
  4. "Holding on to the trustworthy word just as we teach it" (NCV)
  5. "Holding – according to the teaching – to the steadfast word"(Young)
  6. "Holding to the faithful word which is according to the teaching" (ASV)
  7. "Holding to the faithful message as taught" (Holman)
  8. "Hold firm to the trustworthy word as taught" (ESV)
  9. "Must stick to the true message they were taught" (CEV)
  10. "He must hold firm to the sure word as taught" (RSV)
  11. "Holding fast the faithful word which is in accordance with the teaching" (NASV)
  12. "He must adhere to the true doctrine" (NEB)
  13. "He must hold firmly to the trustworthy message as it has been taught" (NIV)
  14. "He must have a firm grasp of the word that is trustworthy in accordance with the teaching" (NRSV)
  15. Definitions:
  16. "Holding fast" [antechomai]
  17. Bauer, Danker, Arndt and Gingrich: "1. cling to, hold fast to someth.orsomeone, be devoted to tinos… Titus 1:9… Since the last passage concerns a bishop, who might be expected to do more than hold fast to true doctrine, perh. mng. 2 is to be preferred. 2. take an interest in, pay attention to, hence help tinos someone or someth..."(p. 73)
  18. Thayer: "to hold before or against, hold back, withstand, endure; in the N.T only in Mid. to keep one’s self directly opposite to any one, hold to him firmly, cleave to, paying heed to him… to hold to, hold it fast, Titusi. 9..."(#472, p. 49)
  19. Vine: "anti, against, or to, and No. 1 [ echo, to have or hold, ksk], signifies in the Middle Voice, (a) to hold firmly to, cleave to, of holding or cleaving to a person… of holding to the faithful word, Titus 1:9… (b) to support..."(#472, p. 554)
  20. Comments:
  21. This qualification is absolutely essential for a shepherd who is charged with feeding the flock of God.
  22. Questions:
  23. Does this man love and respect God’s word?
  24. Is he a diligent student of the Bible?
  25. Is this man committed to holding the pattern of sound words? (cf. 2 Timothy 1:13)
  1. "Able, by sound doctrine, both to exhort and convict those who contradict" [hinadunatos e kai parakaleinentedidaskaliatehugiainouse kai tousantelegontaselegchein] (Titus 1:9)
  2. Other translations:
  3. "Able, by sound doctrine, both to exhort and convict those who contradict" (NKJV)
  4. "Able both to encourage with sound teaching and to refute those who contradict it" (Holman)
  5. "Able to give instruction in sound doctrine and also to rebuke those who contradict it" (ESV)
  6. "Can show those who are against true teaching that they are wrong" (NCV)
  7. "Able to give instruction in sound doctrine and also to confute those who contradict it" (RSV)
  8. "That he may be able also to exhort in the sound teaching, and the gainsayer to convict" (Young)
  9. "Their good teaching can help others and correct everyone who opposes it" (CEV)
  10. "Able both to exhort in the sound doctrine, and to convict the gainsayers" (ASV)
  11. "Able both to exhort in sound doctrine and to refute those who contradict" (NASV)
  12. "Well able both to move his hearers with wholesome teaching and to confute objectors" (NEB)
  13. "He can encourage others by sound doctrine and refute those who oppose it" (NIV)
  14. "So that he may be able both to preach with sound doctrine and to refute those who contradict it" (NRSV)
  15. Definitions:
  16. "Able" [dunatos]
  17. Bauer, Danker, Arndt and Gingrich: "1. powerful, strong, mighty, able...."(pp. 208-209)
  18. Thayer: "able, powerful, mighty, strong; 1. absolutely; a. mighty in wealth and influence... b. strong in soul to bear calamities and trials with fortitude and patience... 2. in construction; a. dunatoseimiwith inf., to be able (to do something...)... b. dunatosentini, mighty i.e. excelling in something... c. pros ti, mighty i.e. having power for something... d. neuterdunaton...possible..."(#1415, p. 160)
  19. Vine: "signifies powerful..."(#1415, p. 5)
  20. "Sound" [hugiano]
  21. Bauer, Danker, Arndt and Gingrich: "be in good health, be healthy or sound. 1. lit., of physical health... 2. fig., in the Pastoral Epistles w. ref. to Christian teaching..."(p. 832)
  22. Thayer: "fr.Hdt. down; to be sound, to be well, to be in good health: prop...metaph...the sound i.e. true and incorrupt doctrine...Titus i.9..."(#5198, p. 634)
  23. Vine: "to be healthy, sound in health (Eng., hygiene etc.), translated ‘safe and sound’ in Luke 15:27, is used metaphorically of doctrine..."(#5198, p. 1068)
  24. "Doctrine" [didaskalia]
  25. Bauer, Danker, Arndt and Gingrich: "1. act., the act of teaching, instruction.... 2. pass., of that which is taught, teaching..."(p. 191)
  26. Thayer: "[fr.Pind. down]; 1. teaching, instruction... 2. teaching i.e. that which is taught, doctrine..."(#1319, p. 144)
  27. Vine: "denotes, as No. 1 [didache, teaching, ksk] (from which, however, it is to be distinguished), (a) that which is taught, doctrine...(b) teaching, instruction..."(#1319, p. 324)
  28. "Exhort" [parakaleo]
  29. Bauer, Danker, Arndt and Gingrich: "1. call to one’s side, summon... b. invite tina someone w. inf. foll. (this can be supplied fr. context)... c. summon to one’s aid, call upon for help... 2. appeal to, urge, exhort, encourage... 3. request, implore, appeal to, entreat... 4. comfort, encourage, cheer up... 5.
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