AP Euro2008-09

LMHSMontaigne

Outlines for “A History of the Modern World” 9th Edition

Palmer, Colton, and Kramer

Chapter 4: The Establishment of West-European Leadership

4.17: The Grand Monarque and the Balance of Power

I.Introduction

A.A circle,500 miles in diameter and centered on Paris, would encompass the “western” world in 1650

1.secular society

2.modern natural science

3.capitalism

4.modern state

5.parliamentary government

6.democratic ideas

7.machine industry

B.Region was the earth’s principal center of cultural diffusion

C.The growing power of Western Europe had a tremendous impact on the rest of Europe, the Americas, and the world

D.Several factors make way for the Dutch, English, and French

1.fading of the Italian Renaissance

2.subsiding of the religious wars

3.the ruin of the HRE

4.decline of Spain

E.France rises in status

1.Dutch are small in numbers

2.England will go through its civil wars

3.Louis XIV comes to power in 1643 at age 5 and reigns for 72 years (1715)

a.took personal direction in 1661 at age 23

b.his policies are adopted , methods of gov, war, diplomacy are models

c.French language, clothing, thought, architecture, cooking etiquette are standard for Europe

d.known as the Sun King

e.becomes more than a figurehead

f.takes over the institutions created by Richelieu

g.Makes France the strongest country in Europe

4.Weakness in Spain

a.Charles II comes to the throne in 1665

b.known as “The Bewitched”

1.had Mandibular prognathism (called Hapsburg Jaw) genetic disorder where the lower jaw outgrows the upper

2.tongue was enlarged and he could barley be understood

3.imbecilic product of generations of inbreeding

4.could not have children (was well known)

c.Lingers on the throne until 1700

d.Spain was what Turkey was later called “sick man of Europe”

e.Fate of Spain and its colonial holdings uncertain

F.Louis XIV and expansion

1.Marries Charles II’s sister

a.uses his position to advance France’s borders

b.Annex Spanish Netherlands, French Compte, and Burgundy

c.Further weakens HRE

2.Moves to secure Spain under his rule

a.to achieve this he takes various interests into his pay

1.royalists in England

  1. including Charles II of England

2.republicans in Netherlands

3.Potential for universal monarchy under throne of France is increasing

a.Response to universal monarchy is the use of balance of power

II.Balance of Power

A.condition of equilibrium in power distribution

1.power is distributed among many separate states

2.if one state preponderates the others form a coalition against it

a.the coalition becomes the “balance”

3.holding the balance of power refers to the power one state may bring to bear by tipping the balance

4.foreign policy become the pursuit of preserving the independence of action to the utmost

5.the basic rule became the practice of allying against the state threatening domination to restore the balance

6.objective was preserving sovereignty rather than peace

a.had little to do with ideologies or sympathies (allies supported or rejected)

7.balance model was effective during period of large number of small and medium sized states

a.later will become downfall of Europe

8.Key players of the period are Louis XIV and William of Orange (William III) of the Dutch

9.Key event of the period is the War of the Spanish Succession

4.18: The Dutch World

  1. The DutchRepublic

A.Dutch Civilization and Government

  1. Republic of the Netherlands was the most wealthy, flourishing, and most important in international diplomacy and culture

1.most bourgoisie of Europe

  1. Wealth helped to avoid direct war

1.Cultural achievements

  1. Literature
  2. Hugo Grotius wrote Law of War and Peace (pioneering work on international law)
  3. Baruch Spinoza

1. Desc. from Portuguese Jewish refugees

2. wrote philosophy on human conduct, church and state

  1. Leeuwenhoek – biological science
  2. Huyghens – improved the telescope, wave theory of light, saw rings of Saturn
  3. Anna Maria van Schurman – education of women in The Learned Maid or Whether a Maid May Be Called A Scholar
  4. Painting
  5. JanVermeer portrayed typical domestic scenes (Girl with the Pearl Earring)
  6. Rembrandt Masters of the Clothe Hall show businessmen and judges we see the men who are running the Republic (Calvinistic)
  7. burghers – personal simplicity in the face of wealth

2.Religion

  1. Adopted tolerance
  2. Calvinists split – orthodox regroup – stay split by 1632
  3. Arminius questioned predestination
  4. Catholics are granted rights
  5. Jews were welcomed
  6. Christian sects found refuge
  7. Pilgrims

3.Dutch Exploration and Settlement

  1. Dutch shipping controlled most of Europe’s shipping
  2. had 10 thousand ships in 1600
  3. Carriers between France, Spain, England, and the Baltic
  4. 1602 founded the Dutch East India Company
  5. began to displace the Portuguese
  6. Founded Jakarta (Batavia)
  7. Trade with Japan was achieved by 1600
  8. Japan was very isolationist
  9. Expelled all other Europeans
  10. 1612 New Amsterdam
  11. 1621 the Dutch West India Company
  12. 1652 Cape of Good Hope
  13. Afrikaners

B.The Bank of Amsterdam (1609)

1.European money was chaotic with kings, cities or private individuals minting their own coins which were often debases with other alloys (uncertain values)

2.Amsterdam accepted mixed monies, accessed their value and exchanged European currency for gold florins (known and unchanging weight)

3.Florins became the currency of trade

4.Amsterdam is the financial center of Europe until 1790s

5.High Mightinesses a. were delegates from 7 provinces who made up estates general & passed on interests of the provinces

C.Stadholder – elected representative (executive) of the province (but none for the provinces as a whole)

1.Most provinces elected the same person head of the house of Orange

2.Much status but the burghers were running the financial affairs of the country

D.When the country was threatened the status of the stadholder went up

1.The stadholder had not be selected for 22 years (since William II died in 1650) as peace prevailed

E.William III of Orange changes the role of the stadholder

1.small, stocky, grave, determined

2.Multilingual- spoke English, French, Dutch, German, Latin and Spanish fluently

3.Disliked pomp and circumstance, hated flattery

4.Preferred to focus on the affairs of state

5.1677 married Mary Stuart (king of England’s niece)

  1. Foreign Affairs: Conflict with English and French

A.1651 England passes the Navigation Act

  1. Ships carrying goods to England or England’s colonies must be from England or the country of origin – not middle party
  2. aimed directly at the Dutch
  3. Dutch must salute English ships when in the English Channel

B.1652 – 1674 three wars take place

  1. English take New Amsterdam

C.1667 Louis XIV takes the Spanish Netherlands (southern provinces) and the French Comte

D.Dutch form the Triple Alliance with the English and the Swedes

  1. Louis XIV drops claim to Spanish Netherlands briefly

E.1673 Louis XIV took three provinces of the Spanish Netherlands

  1. Dutch are unable to defend them against the French army

F.1673 Dutch make William III stadholder and make the office hereditary

  1. William III moved the Dutch toward absolutism and works to centralize his power with limited success
  2. William III develops a new alliance
  3. Denmark, Brandenburg, Austria, and Spain
  4. Dutch and Hapsburg alliance illustrates the complete shift to balance of power politics
  5. Treaty of Nimwegaen (1678)
  6. unstable peace is made with France
  7. Spain loses the French Comte to France
  8. HRE loses city-states in Flanders to France
  9. Dutch provinces are preserved

G.1689:William III becomes king of England

  1. Fate of European affairs turn as England becomes the sword of William’s balance of power political strategies

4.19: Britain: The Puritan Revolution

I. Introduction

A.At the time of Westphalia England was embroiled in a civil war

  1. A variation of the Wars of Religion
  2. Fought between more extreme Protestant Calvinists called Puritans and moderate Protestant Anglicans
  3. Religious interests are mixed with political interests
  4. Monarchy against Parliament
  5. Wars in England are relatively mild
  6. Wars between England and Ireland are savage

II. England in the Seventeenth Century

  1. Age of expansion

1. driven by population growth

  1. pop. Of five million in 1600
  1. Puritan migration to New England and the Caribbean (40, 000 total)
  2. Scots settle in Ireland
  3. Catholics in Maryland
  4. Anglicans in Virginia
  5. Policy of private colonization shifts to state directed colonization
  6. take NY from Dutch, Pa, Carolinas, Jamaica taken from Spain

B. English culture blossoms

a.Shakespeare

b.Rugged in form, deep in content

1.English could not yield to “French standards”

b. Sir Christopher Wren

C. Economic Activity

1. By 1660 outdistanced by the Dutch

2. had a larger and more productive population and didn’t depend exclusively on seafaring

a. Coal for industry is available

2.Sheep and woolens were main export

3.Putting out system used in textiles

  1. 1600 East India Company
  2. Wealth was still tied to the land
  1. Background to the Civil War: Parliament and the Stuart Kings

1.New Monarchs clashed with medieval representative institutions

2.In England the Parliament won out

3.In most places that popular institutions (estates general) won out anarchy followed

4.Uniqueness of England’s “workable” solution ushered in the modern institutions of liberalism and representative institutions

5.1603 Elizabeth I dies with no heir

6.James the IV of Scotland (son of Mary Stuart) became James I of England uniting Scotland and England under one crown (Protestant)

1.Absolutist as a father taking care of family

2.Called “the wisest fool in Christendom”

3.Adopted the theory of the Divine right of kings

4.Begins to lecture Parliament on the royal rights

5.Said he should not have to ask for money

6.Wars with Spain left big debt and James wasn’t thrifty

7.Puritan Parliament refused to accommodate…

1.Disliked doctrine of Anglican Church

2.Discontent with prerogative courts like the Star Chamber

3.Puritans were property owners and wanted protection

4.Parliament was the single representative body for all of England (unlike Dutch, Spain, France, Germany or Poland with local estates)

5.landed interests controlled both houses: nobles and gentry

6.HOC was mixed with merchant interests

7.Secularized as no Abbots remained in either house

8.the strong make up of Parliament forced Kings to submit to its will

9.came to a deadlock in 1629 as Charles I attempted to ignore Par

8.Ship money dispute (taxes on shipping to pay for protection)

1.Charles I needed money

2.Extends medieval policy of ship money to all towns in England not just coastal cities

3.Parliament disagreed with the kings efforts to tax without Parliament’s consent

9.Scotland rebels and Charles I needs Parliament

1.Scots rioted against Anglicizing their country

2.In 1640 he called Parliament and it refuses his demands

3.Charles I dissolved the Parliament, called for new elections and the same members are returned

4.The same body of members sat for 20 years and are known as the Long Parliament – landowners with merchant support

10.Long Parliament

1.Does not assist the King against the Scots but uses it to get their demands through

2.Demanded royal advisers be removed and put to death

3.Abolished the Star Chamber

4.Abolished bishops (Calvinist view against clergy)

5.Solemn League and Covenant made Presbyterianism established religion of England, Scotland, and Ireland

  1. The Emergence of Cromwell

1.Roundhead (Puritans) defeated the royalists

a.Close haircuts of the Puritans

2.Cromwell organized a military force to advance the Puritan effort

a.More effective military (called the Ironsides) religiously motivated

3.Army is of more “popular” make up than Parliament and demand broader religious policies

4.Cromwell calls for the execution of Charles I

a.Parliament resists

b.Cromwell purges the Parliament to a “Rump” with the army

c.had 500 members in 1640 and sunk to 150 in 1649

1.Cromwell reduced it to 50-60

2.called this operation Pride’s Purge(after Puritan general in charge of intimidating Parliament)

3.1649 King is condemned of treason and executed “regicide” in 1649

5.British Isles is declared a republican commonwealth

6.Cromwell subdues Ireland and Scotland by force

  1. Scots not pleased with Stuart execution (he was a Scot)
  2. Ireland:

a.Protestants were massacre in 1641 in Ulster

b.Garrisons of Wexford and Drogheda are massacred by Cromwell

1.Priests, as well as “women and children dispatched in cold blood”

2.Protestants now take over aristocracy of entire island (not just Ulster) (mostly absentee landlords)

3.Redistributed land to adventurers that ruled in absence

7.Cromwell was more successful abroad

  1. Ireland, Navigation Act of 1651, maritime attack on the Dutch, preying on the Spanish empire

8.In domestic affairs Cromwell had to continually become more strident…

  1. Levellers (liberal and popular) ask for universal male suffrage, a constitution, and equal representation
  2. led by John Lilburne (civilian)
  1. George Fox founded the Society of Friends or Quakers

a.insisted that believers can have revelations of spiritual truth and rejected hierarchies

  1. Diggers rejected the idea of property
  2. As a regicide (King killer) he cannot turn to the royalist (conservative and elite)
  3. 1653 Cromwell bans Parliament and becomes “Lord Protector”

a.Provides a constitution “Instrument of Government”

b.In reality: military dictatorship

1.Closed ale houses, prohibited cock fighting

  1. 1658 Cromwell dies and his son is unable to maintain the Protectorate
  2. 1660 the crown in restored “Restoration” with Charles II

a.Religious intolerance was equated thereafter with military dictatorship

b.Reaction is in full swing as “levelling” is considered abhorrent and popular interests are abandoned

4.20: Britain: The Triumph of Parliament

I.The Restoration, 1660 – 1688: The Later Stuarts

A.Along with the monarchy, the Anglican church and the Parliament were restored

B.Charles II is wary of Parliament

C.Parliament is more loyal to king to keep the peace

D.Parliament cleans up property rights by abolishing feudal payments

1.Rents are replaced with taxes that Parliament controls by placing taxes on themselves

2.Payment of taxes gives Parliament control over England

  1. arranged to have the king paid from taxes (Parliamentary control)

3.Landowners became the justices of the peace “squirearchy”

  1. decided small lawsuits, punished misdemeanors, cared for roads

E.Exclusion of the Dissenters

1.Puritans are excluded from government participation

  1. forbidden to teach school, excluded from two corporations, gov. jobs, from having religious meetings, to sit in the HOC

2.Commoners are excluded as well Act of Settlement of 1662 limited the movement of the poor

  1. each parish is responsible for its own poor (keep them immobile)

F.Re-Catholicization was a slow drifting tendency in much of Europe

1.England remained staunchly anti-Catholic

2.Charles II was Catholic at heart

  1. Secret treaty of Dover of 1670
  2. Charles agreed to help Louis against the Dutch
  3. Louis agreed to give Charles 3 million livres
  4. James the heir of Charles announced his conversion to Rome
  5. Declaration of indulgence
  6. Charles II announced non-enforcement of laws against dissenters
  7. feared as a way to promote Catholicism

G.Parliament passes the “Test Act” 1673

1.All office holders had to take communion in the Church of England (1828)

2.Movement to exclude James from the throne by law grows

3.Exclusionists (known as Whigs) were mostly from Upper Aristocracy (great nobles)

4.Kings supporters (Tories) Lower Aristocracy and gentry

II.The Revolution of 1688

A.1685 James II becomes king

1.Suspends the Test Act and appoints Catholics to important positions

2.The alienation created by James II moves Tories over to Whig side

B.1688 a son is born to James II and baptized Catholic

1.Leading political figures abandon James II and offer the throne to his daughter Mary (Protestant)

2.Mary is the wife of William III who is focused solely on the plight of the Dutch

3.William III “invades” England and James II flees

4.1689 a skirmish with James II in Ireland (Catholic) ends the dispute and James II flees to France (Pretenders)

5.Louis XIV refuses to recognize William III as king and supports James II

C.1689 Bill of Rights

1.no law could be suspended by the king

2.no taxes could be raised or army maintained without Parliament’s consent

3.no subject could be arrested without legal process

D.1701 Act of Settlement

1.no Catholic could be king of England

E.Toleration Act

1.Allows Dissenters to practice their religion but not be in gov

F.Existence of Catholic interests eventually was accepted ending wars over religion in England

G.1707 Scotland unites with England

1.Keeps Catholicism off the throne in Scotland

2.Gives Scotland economic rights in England

  1. rights to the East India Company, English colonies, mercantilism, and Navigation Acts

H.England establishes a “penal” code over Ireland to keep it in check

1.Catholic clergy was banned

2.Catholics could not vote

3.Catholic teachers could not teach

4.Catholic parents could not send children to Catholic schools

5.Catholics could not take a degree at TrinityCollege

6.Catholic Irishmen could not purchase land

7.Catholic Irishmen could not own a horse worth more than 5 pounds

8.Irish exports are prohibited

9.Irish imports must come from England

10.Ireland was the most repressed population in Europe

I.England joins the coalition against France under William’s leadership

1.England lends money to the Dutch

2.Create the Bank of England

  1. Creates liquidity that the Continent cannot match
  2. British National Debt
  3. Merchants of London, Whig aristocrats, having lent money to gov had big reason to defend it

J.Sum of events after 1688 became known as the Glorious Revolution

1.Parliamentary government

2.Rule of law

3.Right of rebellion against tyranny (not in Ireland)

4.Restrictions on the power of English kings

5.Participation in government in England is limited

  1. no salaries
  2. serves the landed aristocracy
  3. 1710 Act requires large, landed incomes of HOC members
  4. This class in many ways was the only class fit to lead

4.21: The France of Louis XIV, 1643 to 1715: The Triumph of Absolutism

I.French Civilization in the Seventeenth Century

A.By 1700 France had 19 million people

1.3X England, 2X Spain

2.Good, fertile soil for agriculture

3.Uneven distribution of wealth