A level Chemistry

Summer Task 2016

Name ......

Must be completed by September 2016 and handed in on the first chemistry lesson in year 12.

  1. Write an introduction to atoms and atomic structure.

Using atomic structure diagrams, describe the atomic and electronic structure of the following elements:

  • Hydrogen
  • Helium
  • Lithium
  • Beryllium
  • Boron
  • Carbon
  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Fluorine
  • Neon
  • Aluminium
  • Calcium

Include details of the sub-atomic particles in each description.

Include a periodic table with a description of how the elements change going across the periods and down the groups.

Write a description of what an ‘isotope’ is and, using atomic structure diagrams, describe the atomic structure of two isotopes, e.g. hydrogen, lithium.

  1. State what is meant by an Ionic bond, give 2 examples of ionic compounds, include dot cross diagrams and shell diagrams.
  1. State what is meant by a Covalent bond, give 2 examples of covalent compounds, include dot cross diagrams and shell diagrams.
  1. State what is meant by a dative Covalent bond, give one example of a compound that uses a dative covalent bond, include dot cross diagrams and shell diagrams.
  1. State how carbon is bonded in graphite, include a diagram showing how the atoms are arranged.
  1. State how carbon is bonded in diamond, include a diagram showing how the atoms are arranged.
  1. State how bonding occurs in metals, include a diagram showing how the atoms are arranged.
  1. Describe Bohr’s theory to describe electronic structure, including diagrams. In order to do this successfully you will need to refer to:

-the structure of an atom

-organisation of particles within an atom

-arrangement of electrons

-energy levels of electrons

-draw a diagram showing the arrangement of electrons according to Bohr’s theory.

  1. Many of the compounds used in the preparation of standard solutions and carrying out titrations can be covalently or ionically bonded in nature. These can include acids, alkalis and salts such as: hydrochloric acid; sulphuric acid; ethanoic acid; sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide; sodium chloride; sodium sulphate; potassium chloride; sodium ethanoate etc.

Outline the key features of chemical bonding including ionic and covalent bonding using an example of:

  • one inorganic acid
  • one organic acid (show the tetrahedral basis of organic chemistry and that it is polar in nature (in order for it to dissolve in water))
  • one salt.
  1. Research the periodic table. Write a paragraph to describe the structure of the periodic table and how the elements are arranged you will need to include the following key words:

-Elements and how they are named

-Groups and where they are found

-Periods and where they are found

-Atomic number

-Relative atomic mass

-Chemical properties (Reactivity) and how it varies in groups and periods

-Physical properties and where solids, liquids and gases are found

  1. Many of the elements (in compounds and their solutions) involved in carrying out the preparation of standard solutions and titrations are in different groups and periods of the periodic table.

Using the elements sodium and potassium (Group 1), calcium and magnesium (Group 2), silicon (Group 4), phosphorus (Group 5), sulphur (Group 6), chlorine and bromine (Group 7), iron and copper (Transition metals) provide some key features of the periodic table such as:

  • how they are organised in groups, periods and blocks
  • any trends in their chemical and physical properties in the groups they belong to and the periods they are in
  • their atomic number and relative atomic masses
  • their electronic structures using Bohr’s theory.