Whistles in Mammal-eating Killer Whales Behav Ecol Sociobiol
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Whistle communication in mammal-eating killer whales (Orcinus orca): further evidence for acoustic divergence between ecotypes
Rüdiger Riesch1,2,* & Volker B. Deecke3
1 Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA
2 Department of Biology & W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, 127 David Clark Labs, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA
3 Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, Scotland UK
* Correspondence: Rüdiger Riesch, Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, 127 David Clark Labs, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA; Tel.: 919–513–7552; Fax: 919–515–5327; e–mail:
Whistles in Mammal-eating Killer Whales Behav Ecol Sociobiol
Table S1. Occurrence of stereotyped whistles in transient killer whale recordings listed by group composition and year.
Animals in Group* / Year / TW1 / TW2 / TW3T034, T035, T036, T037, T038 / 1980 / - / X / -
T010, T010A, T010B, T011, T011A / 1985 / - / X / -
T007, T020, T021, T022 / 1985 / - / X / X
T010, T010A, T010B, T011, T011A, T018, T019, T019A / 1986 / X / X / X
T071, T086, T124, T124A / 1986 / X / X / -
T002, T002B, T018, T019, T019A, T082 / 1988 / X / X / X
T007, T007A, T007B, T007C / 1989 / X / X / -
T034, T036, T091, T092 / 1991 / X / X / X
T012, T012A, T012C / 1995 / X / - / -
T002B, T018, T019, T019B, T020, T021, T022, T028, T028A, T059, T060, T069, T069A, T069C, T139, T140, T141, T146 / 1995 / X / X / X
T012, T012A, T012C / 1996 / X / X / X
T087, T088, T090, T090A, T101A, T102, T124, T124A, T124A1, T124A2, T124B, T124B1, T124C, T124D, T124E / 2001 / X / X / X
T073B, T074, T101, T101A, T101B, T102 / 2004 / X / X / X
T085, T085A, T085B, T085C / 2005 / X / - / -
T085, T085A, T085B, T085C, T086, T086A, T086A1, T086A2 / 2005 / X / X / -
T023, T023C, T023C1, T023D, T093 / 2005 / X / - / -
T085, T085A, T085B, T085C / 2006 / X / X / X
T041, T041A, T044 / 2008 / X / X / X
T055, T055A, T055B, T055C / 2008 / X / X / -
*see Ellis et al. (2008) for details
Whistles in Mammal-eating Killer Whales Behav Ecol Sociobiol
Table S2. Discriminant function coefficients and test statistics for the discriminant function analysis (DFA) on bioacoustic whistle parameters of stereotyped whistles from transient killer whales: TW1, TW2, and TW3.
FunctionWhistle parameter / 1 / 2
Start Frequency [Hz] / 2.813 / -0.893
End Frequency [Hz] / -0.385 / -0.468
Minimum Frequency [Hz] / -0.589 / 0.677
Maximum Frequency [Hz] / -2.020 / 0.657
Dominant Frequency [Hz] / 0.378 / -0.337
Whistle Duration [msec] / 0.295 / 0.071
Frequency Modulations / 0.211 / 0.870
Canonical Correlation / 0.665 / 0.466
Eigenvalue / 0.792 / 0.277
% Variance / 74.1 / 25.9
Chi-square / 260.673 / 76.936
Df / 14 / 6
P / <0.001 / <0.001
Table S3. Discriminant function coefficients and test statistics for the discriminant function analysis (DFA) on bioacoustic whistle parameters of stereotyped whistles from three ecotype communities: northern residents, southern residents, and transients.
Whistle parameter / 1 / 2
Start Frequency [Hz] / -0.273 / 0.080
End Frequency [Hz] / -0.660 / 0.611
Minimum Frequency [Hz] / 0.643 / -.205
Maximum Frequency [Hz] / 0.983 / -0.694
Frequency Range [Hz] / -0.157 / -0.016
Dominant Frequency [Hz] / 0.136 / -0.210
Whistle Duration [msec] / 0.426 / 0.928
Frequency Modulations / 0.453 / -0.280
Canonical Correlation / 0.845 / 0.767
Eigenvalue / 2.503 / 1.432
% Variance / 63.6 / 36.4
Chi-square / 1616.226 / 670.437
Df / 16 / 7
P / <0.001 / <0.001
,
Figure S1. Spectrograms of original stereotyped whistles of resident killer whales (left) and resemblance whistles of transient killer whales (right) (fast Fourier transformation size: 4096 samples, frame length: 512 samples, overlap between frames: 75%normalization: Hamming).
Figure S2. Spectrograms of the whistles that according to some observers were separate categories (see Table 2, main manuscript). Top: the two variants of TW3 that two observers placed in their own separate category; bottom: the two variable whistles that one observer placed in their own category (fast Fourier transformation size: 4096 samples, frame length: 512 samples, overlap between frames: 75%, normalization: Hamming).
References
Ellis GM, Towers JR, Ford JKB (2008) Transient killer whales of British Columbia and Southeast Alaska - Photo Identification Catalog 2008. Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC