Online Resource 1: (A) Distribution of Average Daily Wind Directions (In Radians). Box
Online Resource 1: (a) Distribution of average daily wind directions (in radians). Box and whisker plot showing the distribution of daily measures of wind direction combined for years 2001-2004 and 2006-2008. The horizontal dashed line represents the average wind direction for the whole period.
Online Resource 2. Partial relationship between patch area and detectability for (a) rock and (b) tree phorophyte for the best-supported model.
Online Resource 3: Theoretical distributions of the parameter δij. A random spatial arrangement (A) results in a relatively uniform distribution (B). If patches are aligned almost perfectly in the same angle of wind direction (C), it results in a bimodal distribution highly skewed to the limits of the distribution (D).
Online Resource 4: (a) Spatial representation of relative patch areas in the L. rupestris metapopulation. (b) Distribution of patch elevations (z coordinate) for both phorophytes. Panes (c) and (d) show the distribution of patch sizes for rock and tree phorophytes respectively.
Online Resource 5. Distribution of the δ parameter in the Lepanthes system based on the average wind direction of all sampling periods (2.15 rad). It describes the deviation between wind direction and the angle between patches with respect to the horizontal axis. Bimodal distributions represent conditions where asymmetric and symmetric measures of connectivity should deviate most (Online Resource 3). This parameter is incorporated in the connectivity measure that accounts for potential asymmetries in effective distance.
Online Resource 6: Parameter estimates and standard errors (SE) for the dynamic occupancy model that resulted in the best fit; ψ(.), ϒ(Sasym+A+Ph), ε(A), P(A+Ph).
Colonization / Extinction / DetectionEstimate / SE / Estimate / SE / Estimate / SE
INTERCEPT / -4.540 / 0.171 / -3.181 / 0.137 / 2.332 / 0.084
Sasym / 0.360 / 0.092 / - / - / - / -
A / 0.513 / 0.073 / -0.808 / 0.240 / 0.290 / 0.074
Ph (TREES) / 0.717 / 0.256 / - / - / -0.428 / 0.134
Online Resource 7: Parameter estimates and standard errors (SE) for the dynamic occupancy model most similar to the best-ranked model, but with the patch connectivity measure that included a symmetric dispersal kernel (Ssym) as a site covariate, ψ(.), ϒ(Ssym+A+Ph), ε(A), P(A+Ph).
Colonization / Extinction / DetectionEstimate / SE / Estimate / SE / Estimate / SE
INTERCEPT / -4.531 / 0.171 / -3.187 / 0.137 / 2.328 / 0.084
Sasym / 0.273 / 0.106 / - / - / - / -
A / 0.501 / 0.074 / -0.795 / 0.240 / 0.294 / 0.074
Ph (TREES) / 0.714 / 0.259 / - / - / -0.431 / 0.134
Online Resource 8: Comparison of model fit for dynamic occupancy models using symmetric (Ssym), asymmetric connectivity (Sasym), phorophyte type (Ph) and patch area (A) as site covariates. This table compares all models fitted for each hypothesis.
Hypothesis / Model / Parameters / AIC / ΔAIC / AICweightAsymmetric: Target / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym+A+Ph), ε(A), p(A+Ph) / 10 / 4321.65 / 0 / 0.43
Asymmetric: Target / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym+A+Ph), ε(A+Ph), p(A+Ph) / 11 / 4322.90 / 1.25 / 0.23
Asymmetric: Target-Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym+A+Ph), ε(Sasym +A), p(A+Ph) / 11 / 4323.46 / 1.81 / 0.17
Asymmetric: Target-Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym+A+Ph), ε(Sasym +A+Ph), p(A+Ph) / 12 / 4324.76 / 3.11 / 0.09
Symmetric: Target / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym+A+Ph), ε(A), p(A+Ph) / 10 / 4327.69 / 6.04 / 0.02
Asymmetric: Target / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym+A), ε(A+Ph), p(A+Ph) / 10 / 4328.66 / 7.01 / 0.01
Symmetric: Target / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym+A+Ph), ε(A+Ph), p(A+Ph) / 11 / 4328.97 / 7.32 / 0.01
Symmetric: Target-Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym+A+Ph), ε(Ssym +A), p(A+Ph) / 11 / 4329.69 / 8.04 / <0.01
Asymmetric: Target / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym+A+Ph), ε(A+Ph), p(A) / 10 / 4329.87 / 8.22 / <0.01
Asymmetric: Target-Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym+A), ε(Sasym +A+Ph), p(A+Ph) / 11 / 4330.50 / 8.85 / <0.01
Symmetric: Target-Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym+A+Ph), ε(Ssym +A+Ph), p(A+Ph) / 12 / 4330.96 / 9.32 / <0.01
Asymmetric: Target-Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym+A+Ph), ε(Sasym +A+Ph), p(A) / 11 / 4331.77 / 10.12 / <0.01
No connectivity / Ψ(.), γ(A+Ph), ε(A+Ph), p(A+Ph) / 10 / 4333.04 / 11.39 / <0.01
Symmetric: Target / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym+A), ε(A+Ph), p(A+Ph) / 10 / 4334.46 / 12.82 / <0.01
Symmetric: Target / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym+A+Ph), ε(A+Ph), p(A) / 10 / 4335.98 / 14.33 / <0.01
Symmetric: Target-Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym+A), ε(Ssym +A+Ph), p(A+Ph) / 11 / 4336.46 / 14.82 / <0.01
Symmetric: Target-Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym+A), ε(Ssym +A+Ph), p(A) / 11 / 4337.97 / 16.32 / <0.01
Asymmetric: Target / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym+A+Ph), ε(A+Ph), p(Ph) / 10 / 4341.91 / 20.27 / <0.01
Asymmetric: Target-Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym+A+Ph), ε(Sasym +A+Ph), p(Ph) / 11 / 4343.80 / 22.16 / <0.01
Asymmetric: Area-Isolation / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym+Ph), ε(A), p(A+Ph) / 9 / 4344.45 / 22.80 / <0.01
Asymmetric: Area-Isolation / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym+Ph), ε(A+Ph), p(A+Ph) / 10 / 4345.77 / 24.13 / <0.01
Asymmetric: Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym+Ph), ε(Sasym +A+Ph), p(A+Ph) / 11 / 4347.69 / 26.04 / <0.01
Symmetric: Target / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym+A+Ph), ε(A+Ph), p(Ph) / 10 / 4348.44 / 26.80 / <0.01
Symmetric: Area-Isolation / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym+Ph), ε(A), p(A+Ph) / 9 / 4349.13 / 27.48 / <0.01
Asymmetric: Area-Isolation / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym), ε(A+Ph), p(A+Ph) / 9 / 4350.35 / 28.70 / <0.01
Symmetric: Target-Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym+A+Ph), ε(Ssym +A+Ph), p(Ph) / 11 / 4350.43 / 28.78 / <0.01
Symmetric: Area-Isolation / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym+Ph), ε(A+Ph), p(A+Ph) / 10 / 4350.47 / 28.83 / <0.01
Symmetric: Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym+Ph), ε(Ssym +A), p(A+Ph) / 10 / 4351.12 / 29.48 / <0.01
Asymmetric: Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym), ε(Sasym +A+Ph), p(A+Ph) / 10 / 4352.24 / 30.59 / <0.01
Symmetric: Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym + Ph), ε(Sasym +A+Ph), p(A+Ph) / 11 / 4352.46 / 30.82 / <0.01
Asymmetric: Area-Isolation / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym + Ph), ε(A+Ph), p(A) / 9 / 4352.82 / 31.17 / <0.01
Symmetric: Area-Isolation / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym), ε(A+Ph), p(A+Ph) / 9 / 4354.63 / 32.98 / <0.01
Asymmetric: Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym + Ph), ε(Sasym +A+Ph), p(A) / 10 / 4354.77 / 33.12 / <0.01
Asymmetric: Target / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym +A+ Ph), ε(A+Ph), p(.) / 9 / 4356.10 / 34.46 / <0.01
Symmetric: Area-Isolation / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym + Ph), ε(A+Ph), p(A) / 9 / 4357.56 / 35.91 / <0.01
Symmetric: Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym), ε(Ssym +A+Ph), p(A+Ph) / 10 / 4357.68 / 36.03 / <0.01
Asymmetric: Area-Isolation / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym + Ph), ε(A+Ph), p(Ph) / 9 / 4357.84 / 36.19 / <0.01
Asymmetric: Target-Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym + A + Ph), ε(Sasym +A+Ph), p(.) / 10 / 4358.10 / 36.45 / <0.01
Symmetric: Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym + Ph), ε(Ssym +A+Ph), p(A) / 10 / 4359.55 / 37.90 / <0.01
Asymmetric: Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym + Ph), ε(Sasym +A+Ph), p(Ph) / 10 / 4359.84 / 38.19 / <0.01
Symmetric: Target / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym +A+ Ph), ε(A+Ph), p(.) / 9 / 4362.77 / 41.13 / <0.01
Symmetric: Area-Isolation / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym +Ph), ε(A+Ph), p(Ph) / 9 / 4362.93 / 41.29 / <0.01
Symmetric: Target-Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym +A+Ph), ε(Ssym +A+Ph), p(.) / 10 / 4364.64 / 42.99 / <0.01
Symmetric: Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym +Ph), ε(Ssym +A+Ph), p(Ph) / 10 / 4365.72 / 44.08 / <0.01
Asymmetric: Area-Isolation / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym +Ph), ε(A+Ph), p(.) / 8 / 4370.86 / 49.21 / <0.01
Asymmetric: Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Sasym +Ph), ε(Sasym +A+Ph), p(.) / 9 / 4372.84 / 51.20 / <0.01
Symmetric: Area-Isolation / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym +Ph), ε(A+Ph), p(.) / 8 / 4375.89 / 54.25 / <0.01
Symmetric: Rescue / Ψ(.), γ(Ssym +Ph), ε(Ssym +A+Ph), p(.) / 9 / 4378.69 / 57.04 / <0.01
NULL / Ψ(.), γ(.), ε(.), p(.) / 4 / 4418.17 / 96.52 / <0.01
Online Resource 9. Predicted partial relationships between colonization, extinction and patch area for both phorophytes for the best-supported model.
