OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance 2018 - Italy

OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance 2018 - Italy


Regions and Cities at a Glance 2018 – ITALY
Economic trends in regions
Regional gap in GDP per capita, 2000-16
Index of regional disparity in GDP per capita, 2016
Top 20 % richest over bottom 20% poorest regions
2016 2000
GDP per capita in USD PPP
55 000
Ratio
4
Small regions
(TL3)
Large regions
(TL2)
Highest region
Bolzano-Bozen
51 567 USD
50 000
45 000
40 000
35 000
30 000
25 000
20 000
15 000
10 000
3
2
1
Italy
33 537 USD
Lowest region
Calabria
20 323 USD
2000 2005 2010 2016
Country (number of regions considered)
The already large regional economic disparities in Italy have slightly increased over the last sixteen years. In the province of Bolzano-Bozen the level of GDP per capita was two and a half times higher than in Calabria in 2016.
With a productivity growth of 0.2% per year over the period 2000-16, Bolzano-Bozen experienced the highest productivity growth among Italian regions, much below the OECD average of 1.1% in the same period. With a negative productivity growth of -1% per year in Molise, the gap with Bolzano-Bozen has widened further, especially since 2010.
Notwithstanding a small improvement in recent years, youth unemployment rate in Calabria is still among the highest in the OECD area, with over 55% of youths unemployed. Youth unemployment rates above 50% are also observed in Apulia, Campania and Sicilia, while the province of Bolzano-Bozen shows the lowest rate in the country (10% in 2017).
Productivity trends, most and least dynamic regions, 2000-16
Youth unemployment rate, 15-24 years old, 2007-17
GDP per worker in USD PPP rate (%)
Bolzano-Bozen: highest productivity in 2016 and highest productivity growth (+0.2% average annual growth over
2000-16)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 000
Highest rate
Calabria
55.7%
95 000
90 000
85 000
Italy
Italy
34.7%
80 000
75 000
70 000
65 000
60 000
OECD
Molise: lowest productivity growth (-1% annually)
Lowest rate
Province of Bolzano-
Bozen
10%
2007 2012 2017
2000 2005 2010 2016
Source: OECD Regional Database.
Notes: (1) Figure on regional gap in GDP per capita: OECD regions refer to the administrative tier of subnational government (large regions, Territorial Level 2);
Italy is composed of 21 large regions. (2) Figure on index of regional disparity: top (bottom) 20% regions are defined as those with the highest (lowest) GDP per capita until the equivalent of 20% of national population is reached, this indicator provides a harmonised measure to rank OECD countries, using data for small regions (Territorial Level 3) when available. (3) Productivity is measured as GDP per employee at place of work in constant prices, constant Purchasing Power
Parities (reference year 2010).
Updated the 5th of March 2019 Differences in well-being across regions
Top region
Bottom region
Lazio
Regions
Aosta
Valley
Trento
Bolzano-Bozen
Bolzano-Bozen
Liguria
Veneto
Lombardy
Liguria
Basilicata
Campania
Aosta
Valley
Trento
Apulia
Sicily
Calabria
Campania
Calabria
Molise
Sicily
Calabria
Lombardy
Calabria
Safety Housing Jobs Community Environment Income Life Access to Health Civic Education
Satisfaction services Engagement
Relative ranking of the regions with the best and worst outcomes in the 11 well-being dimensions, with respect to all 402 OECD regions. The eleven dimensions are ordered by decreasing regional disparities in the country. Each well-being dimension is measured by the indicators in the table below.
Italy has the largest regional disparities among OECD countries in terms of unemployment rate and the second largest disparities in terms of safety (homicide rates). While Aosta Valley ranks among the safest 1% of OECD regions, Sicily ranks among the bottom 10%. With respect to other OECD regions, all Italian regions have improved their relative ranking in health (life expectancy) since 2000 and are now in the top 20% healthiest OECD regions, with the exception of Campania and Sicily.
The top performing Italian regions fare better than the OECD median region in most well-being indicators, except for unemployment rate, air pollution, self-evaluation of life satisfaction and the share of labour force with at least a secondary degree.
Italian regions
Country OECD median
Average region
Top 20% Bottom20%
Safety
Homicide Rate (per 100 000 people), 2016 1.4 1.3 0.4 4.5
Jobs
Employment rate 15 to 64 years old (%), 2017 57.8 67.7 70.3 41.0
Unemployment rate 15 to 64 years old (%), 2017 11.5 5.5 6.3 21.7
Community
Perceived social netw ork support (%), 2013 88.6 91.4 93.0 84.3
Environment
Level of air pollution in PM2.5 (µg/m³), 2015 19.2 12.4 12.5 37.4
Income
Disposable income per capita (in USD PPP), 2016 19 552 17 695 24 027 13 928
Life Satisfaction
Life satisfaction (scale from0 to 10), 2013 6.3 6.8 6.7 5.8
Access to services
Households w ith broadband access (%), 2017 79.0 78.0 80.8 70.0
Housing
Rooms per person, 2016 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.6
Health
Life Expectancy at birth (years), 2016 83.4 80.4 84.0 82.1
Age adjusted mortality rate (per 1 000 people), 2016 6.6 8.1 6.2 7.3
Civic engagement
Voters in last national election (%), 2017 or lastest year 72.9 70.9 78.3 62.9
Education
Labour force w ith at least upper secondary education (%), 2017 67.5 81.7 73.2 60.2
Source: OECD Regional Database. Visualisation:
Notes: (1) OECD regions refer to the first administrative tier of subnational government (large regions, Territorial Level 2); Italy is composed of 21 large regions.
(2) Household income per capita data are based on USD constant PPP, constant prices (year 2010).
Updated the 5th of March 2019 Metropolitan areas in the national economy
OECD population is concentrated in cities*
Percentage of population in cities, 2016
United States
Italy
OECD average people in cities with population above 500 000 people outside cities
35% people in cities with population above 500 000
30%
6%
1.2 billion people - 70% live in cities
60.7 million people - 55% live in cities people outside cities
45%
55% people in cities with population between
250 000 and 500 000 people in cities with population between
50 000 and 250 000
5%
9%
15% people in cities with population between
50 000 and 250 000 people in cities with population between 250 000 and 500 000
Source: OECD Metropolitan Database. Number of cities: 84 in Italy and 1 138 in the OECD.
In Italy, 55% of the population lives in cities of more than 50 000 inhabitants. The share of population in cities with more than
500 000 people is 35% compared to 55% in the OECD area.
Importance of metropolitan areas
Cities above 500 000 people, 2016
Contribution of metropolitan areas to GDP growth
Cities above 500 000 people, 2001-16
Italy OECD average
%
80
Italian metropolitan areas Rest of the country
%
0.1% per year
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
63%
58%
55%
0.1
0.0
40%
37%
35%
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.2%
% of national % of national % of national
GDP employment population per year
Metropolitan areas in Italy account for 40% of national GDP. Between 2001 and 2016, the GDP was growing in metropolitan areas whereas it was shrinking in the rest of the country.
Milan, the richest metropolitan area of Italy in terms of GDP per capita, is close to the top 20% of the 327 OECD metropolitan areas. Four Italian metropolitan areas are among the poorest 20% metropolitan areas.
In terms of PM 2.5 levels, Padua, Milan and Venice are among the 10% most polluted OECD metropolitan areas.
OECD Metropolitan areas ranking
Cities above 500 000 people
USDPPP
100 000
80 000
60 000
40 000
GDP per capita, 2016
20 000
0
Top 20% richest metropolitan areas
Bottom 20% poorest metropolitan areas
Level ofair pollution in PM 2.5 (µg/m³)
30
20
10
Air pollution
(PM2.5), 2017
0
Top 20% leastpolluted metropolitan areas
Bottom 20% most polluted metropolitan areas
Source: OECD Metropolitan Database. Note: number of metropolitan areas with a population of over 500 000: 13 in Italy compared to 327 in the OECD.
*Note:Cities aredefined here as functional urbanareas, whicharecomposed by high-density urbancentres ofat least50 000people and theirareasof influence(commuting zone). For more information, see:
Updated the 5th of March 2019 Subnational government finance
Subnational government expenditure by function
As a share of total subnational government expenditure, 2016
Italy OECD average
00
11
48%
Health
General public services
Other
18% Health
2
2
14%
14%
13%
6%
14% General public services
15% Other
3
3
Economic affairs
Education
4
4
14% Economic affairs
25% Education
5
5
0.3%
Social protection
14% Social protection
6
6
USD 5 473 7 USD 6 817
7
Subnational expenditure per capita:
Subnational government expenditure amounts to USD 5 473 per capita in Italy compared to an OECD average of USD 6 817.
In Italy, this is equivalent to 28.9% of total public expenditure and to 14.3% of GDP. In comparison, across the OECD, subnational government expenditure accounts for 40.4% of total public expenditure and for 16.2% of GDP. Health and general public services are the two largest spending items for subnational governments in Italy: together they represent 62% of subnational expenditure compared to 32% in the OECD area.
In Italy, 52.6% of total public investment was carried out by subnational governments compared to an OECD average of 56.9%.
Role of subnational governments in public investment
Subnational government public investment per capita, 2016
USD per capita
Italy
OECD average
1 400
1 200
1 000
800
Total public investment
USD 1 278 per capita
3.0% of GDP
Total public investment
USD 824 per capita
2.1% of GDP
600
Subnational government investment
USD 727 per capita
56.9% of public invest.
400
Subnational government investment
USD 433 per capita
52.6% of public invest.
200
0
Source: OECD Subnational Government Structure and Finance Database.
Note: The function ‘Other’ includes housing and community amenities, recreation, culture and religion; environment; public order and safety.
OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance 2018
The 2018 edition of OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance shows how regions and cities contribute to national growth and the well-being of societies. It updates its regular set of region-by-region indicators, examining a wide range of policies and trends and identifying those regions that are outperforming or lagging behind in their country.
Consult this publication on line:
Updated the 5th of March 2019