OCR a Level English Language and Literature DG Jerusalem Learner Resource 4

Learner Resource 4

Taking now the point of view of identification, the reader must remind himself [...] of how much is embraced by the term culture. It includes all the characteristic activities and interests of a people: Derby Day, Henley Regatta, Cowes, the twelfth of August, a cup final, the dog races, the pin table, the dart board, Wensleydale cheese, boiled cabbage cut into sections, beetroot in vinegar, nineteenth-century Gothic churches and the music of Elgar. The reader can make his own list.

T.S. Eliot, extract from Notes Towards a Definition of Culture (1948), in Frank Kermode (ed.), Selected Prose of T.S. Eliot (London: Faber, 1975), pp.297-298.

If one were compiling such a list today there would have to be numerous additions to the characteristic activities of the British people. They would include: yoga exercises, going to Indian restaurants, the music of Bob Marley, the novels of Salman Rushdie, Zen Buddhism, the Hare Krishna Temple, as well as the films of Sylvester Stallone, therapy, hamburgers, visits to gay bars, the dole office and the taking of drugs.

Hanif Kureishi, ‘Bradford’, Granta, 20, Winter 1986, 149-170, p.168-9.

Are there really such things as nations? Are we not forty-six million individuals, all different? And the diversity of it, the chaos! The clatter of clogs in the Lancashire mill towns, the to-and-fro of the lorries on the Great North Road, the queues outside the Labour Exchanges, the rattle of pin-tables in the Soho pubs, the old maids hiking to Holy Communion through the mists of the autumn morning - all these are not only fragments, but characteristic fragments, of the English scene. How can one make a pattern out of this muddle? But talk to foreigners, read foreign books or newspapers, and you are brought back to the same thought. Yes, there is something distinctive and recognizable in English civilization. […] It is somehow bound up with solid breakfasts and gloomy Sundays, smoky towns and winding roads, green fields and red pillar-boxes. It has a flavour of its own.

George Orwell, The Lion and the Unicorn (1941) accessed on line at http://www.k-1.com/Orwell/site/work/essays/lionunicorn.html, 17 Feb 2012.