Nutrition & You, 4e (Blake)
Chapter 7 Vitamins
1) Which of the following statements about vitamins is incorrect?
A) They are tasteless.
B) They are organic compounds.
C) They provide energy.
D) They are needed for growth.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 228
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.1
Section: 7.1
2) Which of the following vitamins is transported in a micelle along with bile and fatty acids?
A) vitamin C
B) niacin
C) riboflavin
D) vitamin A
Answer: D
Page Ref: 229
Skill: Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 7.1
Section: 7.1
3) Which of the following conditions will not destroy the vitamin content of foods?
A) cold
B) heat
C) water
D) air
Answer: A
Page Ref: 232
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.1
Section: 7.1
4) Which of the following statements about xerophthalmia is correct?
A) It often results from an overdose of vitamin A.
B) It can result from the consumption of too many carrots.
C) It is defined as permanent damage to the cornea resulting from a vitamin A deficiency.
D) It mainly affects the gallbladder.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 239
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.3
Section: 7.3
5) Which of the following substances is a form of naturally occurring vitamin E?
A) beta-carotene
B) alpha-tocopherol
C) riboflavin
D) pantothenic acid
Answer: B
Page Ref: 240
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.4
Section: 7.4
6) Which of the following vitamins is light sensitive and abundant in milk?
A) riboflavin
B) alpha-tocopherol
C) vitamin C
D) thiamin
Answer: A
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.9
Section: 7.9
7) Which of the following vitamins is essential for blood clotting?
A) vitamin D
B) vitamin K
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin A
Answer: B
Page Ref: 242
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.5
Section: 7.5
8) Which of the following vitamins is important in a woman's diet before she conceives a baby?
A) pantothenic acid
B) vitamin D
C) riboflavin
D) folate
Answer: D
Page Ref: 255
Skill: Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 7.12
Section: 7.12
9) Which of the following vitamins has been shown to reduce the risk of certain cancers, especially colon cancer?
A) folate
B) alpha-tocopherol
C) vitamin C
D) thiamin
Answer: A
Page Ref: 255, 256
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.12
Section: 7.12
10) Vitamin C is necessary for which of the following processes?
A) collagen production
B) bone growth
C) blood clotting
D) vitamin B12 synthesis
Answer: A
Page Ref: 260
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.14
Section: 7.14
11) Pellagra is a condition associated with a deficiency of which vitamin?
A) vitamin D
B) vitamin B3
C) vitamin B2
D) vitamin C
Answer: B
Page Ref: 253
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.10
Section: 7.10
12) Which of the following conditions is a vitamin D deficiency disease in children?
A) osteomalacia
B) osteoporosis
C) rickets
D) beriberi
Answer: C
Page Ref: 246
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.6
Section: 7.6
13) Which of the following conditions is not caused by a vitamin D deficiency?
A) rickets
B) osteomalacia
C) osteoporosis
D) scurvy
Answer: D
Page Ref: 246
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.6
Section: 7.6
14) Which of the following factors is not responsible for the increase in cases of rickets in the United States?
A) increased use of sunscreens
B) scarcity of outdoor activities
C) air pollution
D) consumption of low-fat milk
Answer: D
Page Ref: 246
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.6
Section: 7.6
15) Which of the following vitamins cannot be synthesized by your body?
A) vitamin D
B) vitamin K
C) biotin
D) vitamin C
Answer: D
Page Ref: 260
Skill: Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 7.14
Section: 7.14
16) Thiamin deficiency results in which of the following conditions?
A) pellagra
B) scurvy
C) beriberi
D) rickets
Answer: C
Page Ref: 248
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.8
Section: 7.8
17) The phytochemical anthocyanin is found in
A) broccoli.
B) barley.
C) beets.
D) bananas.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 228
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.1
Section: 7.1
18) Which of the following vitamins has been shown to beneficially alter the serum levels of triglycerides?
A) vitamin B
B) vitamin C
C) thiamin
D) niacin
Answer: D
Page Ref: 252
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.10
Section: 7.10
19) Which of the following actions is the best way to reduce your chances of catching a cold?
A) frequent hand-washing with soap and water
B) consuming the herb Echinacea
C) taking vitamin C supplements
D) avoiding outside activities on very cold days
Answer: A
Page Ref: 266
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.17
Section: 7.17
20) Which of the following vitamins is involved in breaking down homocysteine in the blood?
A) thiamin
B) vitamin D
C) folate
D) niacin
Answer: C
Page Ref: 265
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.16
Section: 7.16
21) Which of the following substances is not an antioxidant?
A) beta-carotene
B) vitamin C
C) vitamin E
D) biotin
Answer: D
Page Ref: 229
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.14
Section: 7.1
22) Folate can be found in the highest levels in which of the following foods?
A) asparagus
B) beans
C) meat
D) oranges
Answer: A
Page Ref: 257
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.12
Section: 7.12
23) Naturally occurring vitamin B12 is found in which of the following foods?
A) cantaloupe
B) oranges
C) eggs
D) peanuts
Answer: C
Page Ref: 259
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.13
Section: 7.13
24) Which of the following statements about vitamin B12 is false?
A) Its naturally occurring form is found only in foods from animal sources.
B) For its absorption to occur, intrinsic factor is required.
C) The body's ability to absorb this vitamin increases with age.
D) When it is deficient in the diet, pernicious anemia may result.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 258
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.13
Section: 7.13
25) Pernicious anemia occurs when there is a deficiency of which vitamin?
A) B12
B) B6
C) B2
D) B5
Answer: A
Page Ref: 258
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.13
Section: 7.13
26) Which of the following people might not benefit from a vitamin supplement?
A) women of childbearing age
B) individuals who don't drink milk or go out in the sun
C) strict vegetarians
D) individuals who regularly eat fortified foods
Answer: D
Page Ref: 266-268
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.17
Section: 7.17
27) According to a study conducted by the National Eye Institute, which of the following lists of supplements may lower the risk of age-related macular degeneration?
A) vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene
B) vitamin D, vitamin K, and niacin
C) pantothenic acid, biotin, and thiamin
D) choline, carnitine, and inositol
Answer: A
Page Ref: 231
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.1
Section: 7.1
28) At which sites is the inactive form of vitamin D converted to the active form?
A) in the blood and then in the skin
B) in the liver and then in the kidneys
C) in the stomach and then in the small intestine
D) in the liver and then in the gallbladder
Answer: B
Page Ref: 244, 245
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.6
Section: 7.6
29) Which of the following vitamins helps bone health by regulating calcium and phosphorus?
A) vitamin D
B) vitamin K
C) choline
D) vitamin E
Answer: A
Page Ref: 244, 245
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.6
Section: 7.6
30) Vitamin K has a role
A) as an anticoagulant.
B) in enabling osteocalcin to bind with calcium in bones.
C) in the production of the proteins rhodopsin and iodopsin.
D) in the synthesis of collagen.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 242, 243
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.5
Section: 7.5
31) When the B vitamins help numerous enzymes produce reactions within cells, they are acting as
A) antioxidants.
B) hormones.
C) anticoagulants.
D) coenzymes.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 247
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.7
Section: 7.7
32) Vitamin C is also known as ______acid.
A) pantothenic
B) folic
C) ascorbic
D) nicotinic
Answer: C
Page Ref: 260
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.14
Section: 7.14
33) Foods that have had nutrients added to them are designated as ______foods.
A) supplemented
B) adulterated
C) refined
D) fortified
Answer: D
Page Ref: 267, 268
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.17
Section: 7.17
34) Which of the following organizations sets purity and reliability standards for dietary supplements?
A) ADA
B) USP
C) FDA
D) USDA
Answer: B
Page Ref: 271
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.17
Section: 7.17
35) ______and vitamin B12 are B vitamins needed for keeping red blood cells healthy.
A) Niacin
B) Thiamin
C) Folate
D) Vitamin B6
Answer: C
Page Ref: 256, 258
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.12, 7.13
Section: 7.12, 7.13
36) ______is a vitamin-like substance that is abundant in foods from animal sources and is needed to properly utilize fat.
A) Carnitine
B) Choline
C) Lipoic acid
D) Inositol
Answer: A
Page Ref: 263
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.16
Section: 7.16
37) Oxygen-containing molecules that can damage cells and possibly contribute to the increased risk of certain chronic diseases are called
A) antioxidants.
B) phytochemicals.
C) supplements.
D) free radicals.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 230
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.1
Section: 7.1
38) Excessive amounts of water-soluble vitamins are often excreted in
A) the blood.
B) urine.
C) mucus.
D) the feces.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 247
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.7
Section: 7.7
39) ______plays a role in breaking down alcohol in the body.
A) Thiamin
B) Niacin
C) Folate
D) Riboflavin
Answer: A
Page Ref: 248
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.8
Section: 7.8
40) The signs and symptoms of ______include dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea.
A) rickets
B) beriberi
C) pellagra
D) anemia
Answer: C
Page Ref: 253
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.10
Section: 7.10
41) The body can synthesize ______from the amino acid tryptophan.
A) riboflavin
B) thiamin
C) folate
D) niacin
Answer: D
Page Ref: 252
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.10
Section: 7.10
42) Vitamin B6 is a collective name for several related compounds, including
A) pyridoxine.
B) cobalamin.
C) folic acid.
D) choline.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 254
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.11
Section: 7.11
43) ______boosts the immune system by enabling the body to make white blood cells.
A) Vitamin C
B) Vitamin A
C) Vitamin K
D) Vitamin D
Answer: A
Page Ref: 260
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.14
Section: 7.14
44) Vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene act as ______, which may reduce the risk of heart disease, cancer, arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease.
A) provitamins
B) free radicals
C) antioxidants
D) anticoagulants
Answer: C
Page Ref: 229, 230
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.1
Section: 7.1
45) Vitamin C helps the body absorb ______from plant foods such as grains and cereals.
A) calories
B) calcium
C) iron
D) protein
Answer: C
Page Ref: 260
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.14
Section: 7.14
46) Ascorbic acid acts as a coenzyme and is needed for the production of
A) glycogen.
B) collagen.
C) hemoglobin.
D) osteocalcin.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 260
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.14
Section: 7.14
47) The disease resulting from vitamin C deficiency is called
A) scurvy.
B) rickets.
C) beriberi.
D) hemochromatosis.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 261
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.14
Section: 7.14
48) The condition in which the lens of the eye becomes cloudy is called
A) age-related macular degeneration.
B) a cataract.
C) glaucoma.
D) marasmus.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 231
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.1
Section: 7.1
49) ______are naturally occurring plant compounds that act as antioxidants and give fruits and vegetables their vibrant colors.
A) Phytochemicals
B) Antioxidants
C) Free radicals
D) Fat-soluble vitamins
Answer: A
Page Ref: 231
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.1
Section: 7.1
50) Individuals who cannot produce intrinsic factor and thus cannot absorb vitamin B12 may develop ______anemia.
A) sickle cell
B) macrocytic
C) aplastic
D) pernicious
Answer: D
Page Ref: 258
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.13
Section: 7.13
51) Excessive amounts of vitamin E in the body increase the risk of hemorrhage.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 240, 241
Skill: Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 7.4
Section: 7.4
52) To produce vitamin D from sunlight, individuals with dark skin require a shorter period of sun exposure than people with lighter skin.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 244
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.6
Section: 7.6
53) The disease that occurs in humans who have a thiamin deficiency is called beriberi.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 248
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.8
Section: 7.8
54) Protein-rich foods are good sources of tryptophan and thus of thiamin.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 252
Skill: Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 7.10
Section: 7.10
55) Consuming too much niacin can cause flushing of the skin.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 252
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.10
Section: 7.10
56) Prolonged heat from cooking will destroy water-soluble vitamins.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 233
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.1
Section: 7.1
57) Cutting vegetables and fruits hours before eating them will have no effect on their vitamin content.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 233
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.1
Section: 7.1
58) Overconsumption of fat-soluble vitamins is more likely to be toxic than overconsumption of water-soluble vitamins.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 233
Skill: Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 7.1
Section: 7.1
59) Nerve damage caused by pernicious anemia, if diagnosed early enough, can be reversed with treatments of vitamin B12.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 258, 259
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.13
Section: 7.13
60) The most usable form of vitamin A is retinoic acid.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 235
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.3
Section: 7.3
61) Using retinoids during pregnancy can cause birth defects.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 238
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.3
Section: 7.3
62) Carotenodermia is a life-threatening toxic reaction to the overconsumption of vitamin A.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 239
Skill: Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 7.3
Section: 7.3
63) The water-soluble vitamins include the B vitamins and vitamin E.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 229
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.1
Section: 7.1
64) Vitamin K is a component of two light-sensitive proteins that are essential for vision.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 235, 242, 243
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.3, 7.5
Section: 7.3, 7.5
65) A deficiency of vitamin A can lead to night blindness and xerophthalmia.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 239
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.3
Section: 7.3
66) One of the easiest ways to get vitamin D is by drinking fortified milk.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 244, 245
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.6
Section: 7.6
67) The adult equivalent of rickets is called osteomalacia.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 246
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.6
Section: 7.6
68) One of the best ways to reduce your chances of catching a cold is to take vitamin C supplements.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 266
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.16
Section: 7.16
69) Vitamins do not provide energy.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 227
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.1
Section: 7.1
70) Large amounts of vitamin B6 taken through supplements may be associated with nerve damage.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 254
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.11
Section: 7.11
71) A diet deficient in vitamin C can result in macrocytic anemia.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 257, 260
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.12, 7.14
Section: 7.12, 7.14
72) A diet deficient in vitamin B6 can result in pernicious anemia.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 258
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.13
Section: 7.13
73) A diet that contains too much niacin may result in pellagra.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 253
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.10
Section: 7.10
74) A diet deficient in vitamin C can result in rickets.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 246
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.6
Section: 7.6
75) A diet deficient in vitamin D can result in osteomalacia.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 246
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.6
Section: 7.6
76) Vitamin D helps maintain calcium balance in the blood.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 244
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.6
Section: 7.6
77) Vitamin B6 acts as a coenzyme with more than 100 enzymes involved in the metabolism of proteins.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 256
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.11
Section: 7.11
78) Vitamin C is needed to make hemoglobin, the most abundant protein in the human body.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 260
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.14
Section: 7.14
79) Vitamin K is an important anticoagulant.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 242
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.4
Section: 7.4
80) Biotin plays a part in DNA formation.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 262
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.15
Section: 7.15
81) What are coenzymes, and which vitamins play this role in the body?
Answer: Coenzymes are substances needed by enzymes to perform many chemical reactions in your body. Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, and biotin are all coenzymes. All are B vitamins.
Page Ref: 247
Skill: Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 7.7
Section: 7.7
82) What is an antioxidant and which vitamins play this role in the body?
Answer: Antioxidants are substances that neutralize harmful oxygen-containing free radicals that can cause cell damage. Vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene are antioxidants.
Page Ref: 229, 230
Skill: Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 7.1
Section: 7.1
83) Vegans are particularly at risk for deficiencies of which vitamins?
Answer: B12 is only found in animal foods, and the best source of vitamin D is dairy, which vegans would not consume.
Page Ref: 258, 259
Skill: Application
Learning Outcome: 7.13
Section: 7.13
84) What are the first physical signs of riboflavin deficiency? What is one of the best food sources for riboflavin?
Answer: The throat, mouth, and tongue will become red and inflamed (glossitis), and the lips will become dry and scaly. Milk is an excellent source of riboflavin.
Page Ref: 250, 251
Skill: Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 7.9
Section: 7.9
85) Name four diseases that free radicals are thought to promote.
Answer: Free radicals may promote oxidative stress, which can contribute to heart disease, cancer, aging, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
Page Ref: 230
Skill: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 7.1
Section: 7.1
86) What is "intrinsic factor" and what is its relationship to vitamin B12? What happens if a person no longer makes intrinsic factor?
Answer: Intrinsic factor is a protein produced in your stomach that helps promote vitamin B12 absorption. It binds with B12 in the small intestine, where the vitamin is absorbed. Individuals who cannot make intrinsic factor are diagnosed with pernicious anemia and must be given injections of B12 directly into the blood, bypassing the intestine.
Page Ref: 258
Skill: Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 7.13
Section: 7.13
87) What is age-related macular degeneration (AMD)? Which vitamins and minerals were shown in a study by the National Eye Institute to reduce the risk of this disease?
Answer: AMD is a disease that affects the macula of the retina, causing blurry vision in the center of the eye and eventually blindness. Free radical accumulation contributes to AMD. A study by the NEI discovered that supplements containing large amounts of antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene) along with the minerals zinc and copper, were effective in reducing the risk of AMD as well as the loss of vision in people with advanced stages of AMD.
Page Ref: 230, 231
Skill: Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 7.1
Section: 7.1
88) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a result of a severe deficiency of which vitamin? Why is this disease caused by chronic alcohol abuse? What are the common symptoms of this syndrome?