The Modern Model of the Atom

Part III: The Dual _____-______Nature of Light

  • the ______model assumes the n0 and p+ still reside in the ______, and the e- reside in “______,” or ______(______of space in which there exists a high ______of ______1 or 2 ___).
  • To explain, let’s start from the beginning:
  • we know that e-can be ______, or caused to ____ to higher-______from their lower-energy ______, with the introduction of ______, usually in the form of ______(think of the _____in a ____).
  • further experiments were performed in the early _____s concerning the ______.
  • this effect was produced when __ were _____ as certain______of _____light shone on the ______of the _____ (think ______cells).
  • but why only ______ frequencies? Scientists could not ______this question until they began to think of _____ as having a ______-______nature, rather than existing only as a ______.
  • ______can contain energy at ___ level within the ______; ______only carry energy with them in ____, ______amounts, called ______.
  • this ______why only certain frequencies of light would cause the electrons to ______the ______of the metal during the ______experiments—the light was acting as a ______, not a _____, in this case.
  • ______later called these particles of light “______.”
  • this theory (that _____, in the form of a ______, could knock __ out of their _____ orbits) is what lead to the ____model that we discussed yesterday.
  • how? As seen in the figure here, when ______’s e- are ______, they move to higher-energy ______. ______ from these orbits to their original ______state causes them to emit ______ of light.
  • if this light passes through a ____, it is ____ into its component wavelengths (and ______). Each ______has its own distinct______.
  • the energy of each emitted ______corresponds to a particular ______of ______light (see diagram above).
  • this worked nicely for ______, but no so much with _____ elements!

Part IV: ______the Bohr Model

  • so, alas, there was a ______with the Bohr model of the atom. And, since scientists began thinking of _____ as both a ______and a _____, they started to wonder if the ______itself could have a _____ wave-particle ______as well.
  • ______brought forth by French scientist Louis de Broglie in ____ and Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in _____ lead to the current assumption that ______can exist as ______to ______areas around the ______, and that electrons’ ______with each other, creating specific ______that electrons can reside in ______interference, and ______else (like a _____).
  • later theories proposed by German theoretical physicist Werner Heisenburg in ______proved these ideas to be ______.
  • thus, the electron orbital is defined as a __-______ around the ______that indicates the ____________of an electron.
  • so what do these orbitals _____ like, and what ______ govern their ______?

Part V: Orbital ______Numbers

  • Orbitals are governed by certain ______:
  • the ______Principle states that it is ______to determine ______both the ______and______of an e- (blades of a ___ on ____).
  • the ______Principle states that an e- will ______the ______-energy orbital that can ______it.
  • the ______Principle states that no two __in the ____ atom can have the ______of ______numbers.
  • quantum numbers = like a ______, a series of ______that specifies the ______ of atomic ______and the properties of the __ in the orbitals.
  • _____’s Rule states that all ____-energy ______must be filled by __ __each before any e- can ______within an orbital.
  • orbitals are ______and ______by using______numbers:
  • the ______quantum number (n) indicates the ______ occupied by the e-. As n______, the electron’s ______ from the nucleus ______. There are ____ ______in each ______.
  • the ______q.n. (l) indicates the ______ of the orbital. This number is usually ______as a ______instead of a _____. The letters that ______to the orbital shapes are __, __, __, and __. Orbital shapes:

  • the ______q.n.(m) indicates the ______ of an orbital around the nucleus. For example, a ___ orbital can be either ___, ___, or ___. The magnetic quantum number will tell you ______it is.
  • the ____q.n.(s) indicates the ______in which the electron is ______. No ___ electrons in the _____ orbital can be moving in the _____ direction, they must have ______.
  • we are mainly concerned with the ______quantum numbers, __and __.
  • together, they give us the common ______of each ______ in which an electron can be ______.
  • since the ______in which the electron is found is what determines how it will ____ with other elements, this ______ is extremely ______.