Notes on Cells

Notes on Cells

Cell Theory

•1600’s: Leuwenhoek: ______first to magnify ______with a lens

•1665: ______,: British, first to look at magnified ______,tissue (cork); named cells = ______unit of all ______,forms

•1838: Schleiden: ______(botanist) said all ______were made of cells

•1839: ______: German, (zoologist) said all ______were made of cells

•1855: Virchow: Stated that all ______come from ______

Cell Theory: summary of these ______

a. all ______things are made up of ______

b. cells are the ______unit of structure and ______in living things

c. new cells are produced from ______cells

Prokaryotic – no true ______

•no ______-bound ______

•______

•No ______

•Have cell ______and ______

•Grow, ______, respond to changes in the ______

•Do contain ______

•DNA is ______, (______)

Ex. Kingdoms ______& Eubacteria

Much ______than Eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic – ______nucleus
eu = ______

•do contain ______– a structure that contains genetic ______and controls cell ______

•have cell ______– thin, flexible ______around cell

•have ______– material inside cell membrane but not including ______

ex. 4 other kingdoms- ______, Fungi, ______, Animalia

Cell Structures

Cytoplasm

•jelly-like ______inside the cell membrane which contains water, ______, and ______molecules

•in constant ______– cytoplasmic ______

•surrounds ______

Organelles – specialized ______that perform important cellular ______

1. Mitochondria

•“______”

•respiration centers for the release of ______

•use ______from food to make high-energy compounds that the cell can use to power growth, ______, movement

•ATP (______triphosphate) – most numerous organelle in cells that use a lot of ______(muscles)

•enclosed by 2 ______

–______– ______, forms boundary

–______– long folds (cristae) increase ______area

2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

•membrane ______of sacs and ______

•covered with ______– rough ER, place where ______are modified

•few or no ______– smooth ER, contains enzymes that perform specialized tasks, like production of ______

•“intracellular ______”

3. ribosomes

•“______factories”

•made of ______and ______

•where proteins are made (most numerous organelle) – produces ______following encoded instructions that come from the ______

•______, attached to ER or ______in cytoplasm

4. Golgi apparatus

•______, packaging, and ______organelle

•stack of ______,or sacs which package proteins produced by rough ER

•“protein ______”

5. lysosomes

•contain ______enzymes

•breakdown ______, lipids, and proteins into ______that can be used by the cell

•breakdown of ______that are no longer useful

•remove ______that otherwise accumulate/clutters the cell

•in ______cells and ______

•“______sacs”

–lysis = ______

–soma = ______

6. centrioles

•______-shaped bodies close to the ______,which guide the cell during division

•______cells only

7. Vacuoles

•cavities (______) which store enzymes, ______products, water, salts, proteins, and ______,

•mainly in ______cells – plants have a large central vacuole filled with liquid

•in mature plants – the vacuole takes up _____ of volume of the cell

•smaller ______are called ______

8. plastids

•______factories to store ______

•only in ______

•can contain ______

–example: ______

Cytoskeleton: ______of cell (______the cells)

•network of protein ______

•used in cell ______

9. Microtubules

•small hollow tubes of ______; maintains cell shape, forms ______along which ______are moved

•______and broken down as needed (during cell ______)

•in some cells they form cilia and ______that aid in ______

•act as the “______” in the cell

10. microfilaments

•______threads of actin for ______streaming

•smaller than ______

•act as “______” in the cell

Nucleus – identified in ______

•______center of the ______

•site of ______acid synthesis

•nuclear ______(membrane)

-double membrane (______and ______)

-nuclear pores allow ______to enter and leave

2. nucleoplasm

-______within the ______

-______, protein rich

3. nucleolus (singular), ______(plural)

•form ______

•composed of ______

4. chromatin

•fine strands of ______and ______

•______material

•______– coiled up chromatin when the cell is ______

Differences in Plant Cells

a. Cell wall – provides ______and ______for plant cell

–contain ______which allow _____, CO2, and O2 to pass through

–made from fibers of ______and proteins (______)

–cellulose – tough ______fibers, makes up wood and ______

b. ______– one large central vacuole

- _____% of cell’s volume

c. Plastids

Cell Membrane

•forms outer ______and separates the cell from its surroundings and other cells

•composed of two layers of ______and proteins – both move like a liquid called “fluid ______model”

Fluid Mosaic Model

•contains protein ______that provide attachment points for ______molecules to form chains

•some ______in cell membrane form channels and pumps to help move materials

•regulates what ______and leaves the cell – selectively ______(semi-permeable) (Keeps out some ______but allows others to enter)

Evolution of Cells

•______created ______cells

–Symbiotic association with ______

–______and ______evolved from ______organisms living inside larger cells

Evidence of Endosymbiosis

•______and mitochondria have their own ______DNA that replicates independently

•Chloroplasts and ______are similar in size to ______(prokaryotes)

•The ______of chloroplasts and mitochondria are more closely ______to bacterial ribosomes than those of ______

Evolution of Cells into Multicellular Organisms

•Evolved from ______eukaryotes

•Colonies of algae are ______to present day ______plants

•Increasing ______led to the transition from ______to multicellular organisms

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