Supplementary File
Northeastern Northeastern Naturalist
Online Supplementary Appendix 1 to: Kays, R., and R.S. Feranec. 2011. Using Stable Carbon Isotopes to Distinguish Wild from Captive Wolves. Northeastern Naturalist 18(4):XX–XX.
Note: the content of supplementary files is not subject to proof editing bythe journal staff. Thus, the responsibility for the accuracy of all informationand correctness of its presentation in this file lies solely with the author(s).
Appendix 1. Specimen number, taxa, location, material, carbon and nitrogen isotope values, and adjusted isotope values for all samples included in this study. To account for the discrimination of carbon and nitrogen isotopes as they are incorporated into the body tissues of the consumer, we adjusted isotope values (collagen adjusted -5.0‰ in 13C and -3.0‰ 15N value following Schoeninger and DeNiro (1984) and Minegawa and Wada (1984); hair adjusted -2.6‰ in 13C and -3.2‰ in 15N following Roth and Hobson (2000)). Specimens come from Harvard’s Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), the New York State Museum’s mammal (NYSM-ZM), ornithology (NYSM-ZO) and zoology tissue-only collections (NYSM-ZT) and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation’s Wildlife Pathology Laboratory (WPU).
Known Captive Canids
MCZ 51380* / Canis latrans / NH / bone collagen / -16.5 / 11.5 / -21.5 / 8.5
MCZ 51444 / Canis latrans / NH / bone collagen / -14.9 / 8.8 / -19.9 / 5.8
MCZ 51616 / Canis familiaris X latrans / NH / bone collagen / -15.1 / 9.1 / -20.1 / 6.1
MCZ 51756 / Canis familiaris X latrans / NH / bone collagen / -13.9 / 8.4 / -18.9 / 5.4
MCZ 52816* / Canis latrans / NH / bone collagen / -16.6 / 9.3 / -21.6 / 6.3
MCZ 52817 / Canis latrans / NH / bone collagen / -16.3 / 9.7 / -21.3 / 6.7
Domestic Foods
n/a / Canidae All Life Stages / NY / dog food / -19.6 / 4.6 / - / -
n/a / Iams adult dog food / NY / dog food / -16.2 / 5.0 / - / -
n/a / Iams Chicken and Rice / NY / dog food / -19.0 / 4.2 / - / -
n/a / Iams Lamb and Rice / NY / dog food / -25.6 / 7.2 / - / -
n/a / Mighty Dog Beef / NY / dog food / -17.8 / 5.3 / - / -
n/a / Mighty Dog Chicken / NY / dog food / -22.1 / 2.5 / - / -
n/a / Pedigree traditional ground dinner / NY / dog food / -18.8 / 5.1 / - / -
n/a / Pet essentials with chopped beef / NY / dog food / -18.8 / 5.0 / - / -
n/a / Science Diet gourmet beef / NY / dog food / -17.5 / 5.6 / - / -
n/a / Science Diet gourmet chicken / NY / dog food / -18.9 / 4.5 / - / -
n/a / Science Diet gourmet turkey / NY / dog food / -17.8 / 5.4 / - / -
n/a / Hannaford 75% ground beef / NY / meat / -14.7 / 7.1 / - / -
n/a / Hannaford boneless Chicken Breast / NY / meat / -17.1 / 3.9 / - / -
n/a / Hannaford Top Round Steak / NY / meat / -10.7 / 5.5 / - / -
Suspect Canids
MCZ 62506 / Canis lupus / ME / bone collagen / -12.8 / 7.2 / -17.8 / 4.2
MCZ 62506 / Canis lupus / ME / hair / -14.3 / 8.2 / -16.9 / 5.0
MCZ 62507 / Canis lupus / ME / bone collagen / -13.4 / 6.7 / -18.4 / 3.7
MCZ 62507 / Canis lupus / ME / hair / -22.2 / 5.2 / -24.8 / 2.0
NYSM-ZM-14276 / Canis lupus / NY / bone collagen / -22.3 / 5.0 / -27.3 / 2.0
NYSM-ZM-14276# (hair was sampled multiple times) / Canis lupus / NY / hair / -23.0, -22.5,
-22, -22.0,
-21.9, -21.8, -21.8, -21.7, -21.7, -21.7, -21.6, -21.5, -21.5, -21.4, -21.3, -21.2, -21.2, -21.1 / 6.0, 5.3, 7.3, 7.0, 6.4, 7.4, 6.4, 7.9, 7.0, 7.2, 7.9, 7.1, 8.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.5, 7.8, 7.5 / -25.6, -25.1, -
24.6, -24.6, -
24.5, -24.4, -
24.4, -24.3, -
24.3, -24.3, -
24.2, -24.1, -
24.1, -24, -
23.9, -23.8, -
23.8, -23.7 / 2.8, 2.1, 4.1, 3.8, 3.2, 4.2, 3.2, 4.7, 3.8, 4.0, 4.7, 3.9, 5.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.3, 4.6, 4.3
NYSM-ZM-15631 / Canis lupus / NY / hair / -16.7 / 6.3 / -19.3 / 3.1
NYSM-ZT-15083 / Canis lupus / VT / bone collagen / -19.7 / 7.9 / -24.7 / 4.9
NYSM-ZT-15083 / Canis lupus / VT / hair / -23.0 / 7.8 / -25.6 / 4.6
NYSM-ZT-161 / Canis lupus / NY / bone collagen / -15.7 / 10.0 / -20.7 / 7.0
NYSM-ZT-161 / Canis lupus / NY / hair / -15.3 / 9.3 / -17.9 / 6.1
NYSM-ZT-427 / Canis lupus / VT / bone collagen / -20.7 / 9.4 / -25.7 / 6.4
NYSM-ZT-427 / Canis lupus / VT / bone collagen / -20.3 / 9.9 / -25.3 / 6.9
NYSM-ZT-427 / Canis lupus / VT / hair / -21.5 / 9.9 / -24.1 / 6.7
WPU 84-34-10 / Canis lupus / NY / hair / -17.2 / 7.5 / -19.8 / 4.3
Urban Canids
MCZ 62027 / Canis latrans / MA / bone collagen / -16.7 / 10.0 / -21.7 / 7.0
MCZ 62636 / Canis latrans / MA / bone collagen / -19.4 / 8.6 / -24.4 / 5.6
MCZ 63139 / Canis latrans / MA / bone collagen / -17.7 / 10.4 / -22.7 / 7.4
MCZ 63140 / Canis latrans / MA / bone collagen / -18.0 / 7.6 / -23.0 / 4.6
MCZ 63145 / Canis latrans / MA / bone collagen / -19.9 / 8.9 / -24.9 / 5.9
MCZ 63343 / Canis latrans / MA / bone collagen / -16.6 / 10.3 / -21.6 / 7.3
MCZ 63344* / Canis latrans / MA / bone collagen / -15.9 / 9.6 / -20.9 / 6.6
MCZ 63683 / Canis latrans / MA / bone collagen / -15.9 / 7.5 / -20.9 / 4.5
Wild Canids
MCZ 51378 / Canis lupus / Ontario / bone collagen / -21.8 / 5.2 / -26.8 / 3.2
MCZ 56610 / Canis lupus / Ontario / bone collagen / -21.4 / 6.9 / -26.4 / 3.9
MCZ 56611 / Canis lupus / Ontario / bone collagen / -21.0 / 7.6 / -26.0 / 4.6
MCZ 56612 / Canis lupus / Ontario / bone collagen / -21.8 / 7.1 / -26.8 / 4.1
MCZ BOM 8045 / Canis lupus / Ontario / bone collagen / -20.7 / 7.8 / -25.7 / 4.8
NYSM-ZM-13500 / Canis latrans / NY / bone collagen / -22.5 / 8.8 / -27.5 / 5.8
NYSM-ZM-13512 / Canis latrans / NY / bone collagen / -22.0 / 7.5 / -27.0 / 4.5
NYSM-ZM-13609 / Canis latrans / NY / bone collagen / -22.1 / 8.7 / -27.1 / 5.7
NYSM-ZM-13615 / Canis latrans / NY / bone collagen / -20.0 / 7.8 / -25.0 / 4.8
NYSM-ZM-13615 / Canis latrans / NY / bone collagen / -21.7 / 8.2 / -26.7 / 5.2
NYSM-ZM-13619 / Canis latrans / NY / bone collagen / -21.6 / 8.4 / -26.6 / 5.4
NYSM-ZM-13642 / Canis latrans / NY / bone collagen / -22.1 / 7.5 / -27.1 / 4.5
NYSM-ZM-13650 / Canis latrans / NY / bone collagen / -22.4 / 7.1 / -27.4 / 4.1
NYSM-ZM-13651 / Canis latrans / NY / bone collagen / -20.8 / 8.8 / -25.8 / 5.8
NYSM-ZM-13658 / Canis latrans / NY / bone collagen / -21.2 / 7.8 / -26.2 / 4.8
NYSM-ZM-13968 / Canis latrans / NY / bone collagen / -22.5 / 7.5 / -27.5 / 4.5
NYSM-ZM-14626 / Canis latrans / NY / bone collagen / -19.6 / 10.0 / -24.6 / 7.0
NYSM-ZM-14627 / Canis latrans / NY / bone collagen / -21.3 / 9.3 / -26.3 / 6.3
NYSM-ZM-14635 / Canis latrans / NY / bone collagen / -21.0 / 8.9 / -26.0 / 5.9
NYSM-ZM-15181 / Canis latrans / NH / bone collagen / -25.2 / 3.9 / -30.2 / 0.9
NYSM-ZM-15187 / Canis latrans / NH / bone collagen / -22.1 / 6.3 / -27.1 / 3.3
NYSM-ZM-15190 / Canis latrans / NH / bone collagen / -22.1 / 6.7 / -27.1 / 3.7
NYSM-ZM-15191 / Canis latrans / NH / bone collagen / -21.1 / 8.0 / -26.1 / 5.0
NYSM-ZM-15195 / Canis latrans / NH / bone collagen / -22.1 / 7.7 / -27.1 / 4.7
Wild Food
NYSM-ZM-10344 / Lepus americanus / NY / bone collagen / -25.7 / -0.5 / -30.7 / -3.5
NYSM-ZM-11124 / Alces americanus / NY / bone collagen / -23.4 / 3.5 / -28.4 / 0.5
NYSM-ZM-11216 / Alces americanus / NY / bone collagen / -23.5 / 2.2 / -28.5 / -0.8
NYSM-ZM-13620 / Alces americanus / NY / bone collagen / -23.5 / 2.2 / -28.5 / -0.8
NYSM-ZM-14378 / Castor canadensis / NY / bone collagen / -22.5 / 3.3 / -27.5 / 0.3
NYSM-ZM-14493 / Sylvilagus floridana / NY / bone collagen / -19.0 / 3.6 / -24.0 / 0.6
NYSM-ZM-14496 / Sylvilagus floridana / NY / bone collagen / -24.3 / 3.2 / -29.3 / 0.2
NYSM-ZM-14497 / Sylvilagus floridana / NY / bone collagen / -21.4 / 3.7 / -26.4 / 0.7
NYSM-ZM-14498 / Sylvilagus floridana / NY / bone collagen / -21.8 / 7.3 / -26.8 / 4.3
NYSM-ZM-2265 / Alces americanus / NY / bone collagen / -21.2 / 2.5 / -26.2 / -0.5
NYSM-ZM-3247 / Lepus americanus / NY / bone collagen / -28.3 / 1.7 / -33.3 / -1.3
NYSM-ZM-3491 / Odocoileus virginianus / NY / bone collagen / -20.8 / 5.7 / -25.8 / 2.7
NYSM-ZM-3491 / Odocoileus virginianus / NY / bone collagen / -20.8 / 5.7 / -25.8 / 2.7
NYSM-ZM-4707 / Castor canadensis / NY / bone collagen / -23.3 / 3.2 / -28.3 / 0.2
NYSM-ZM-4711 / Alces americanus / NY / bone collagen / -23.3 / 2.8 / -28.3 / -0.2
NYSM-ZM-6408 / Castor canadensis / NY / bone collagen / -23.4 / 3.5 / -28.4 / 0.5
NYSM-ZM-6413 / Castor canadensis / NY / bone collagen / -23.5 / 3.4 / -28.5 / 0.4
NYSM-ZM-986 / Sylvilagus floridana / NY / bone collagen / -22.2 / 3.3 / -27.2 / 0.3
NYSM-ZM-9924 / Castor canadensis / NY / bone collagen / -23.7 / 5.6 / -28.7 / 2.6
NYSM-ZO-1107 / Meleagris gallopavo / NY / bone collagen / -19.9 / 5.9 / -24.9 / 2.9
NYSM-ZO-1109 / Meleagris gallopavo / NY / bone collagen / -22.7 / 4.5 / -27.7 / 1.5
NYSM-ZO-1112 / Meleagris gallopavo / NY / bone collagen / -20.2 / 5.2 / -25.2 / 2.2
NYSM-ZO-1320 / Meleagris gallopavo / NY / bone collagen / -21.5 / 5.2 / -26.5 / 2.2
NYSM-ZO-1406 / Bonasa umbellus / NY / bone collagen / -24.5 / 6.0 / -29.5 / 3.0
NYSM-ZO-8104 / Bonasa umbellus / NY / bone collagen / -21.7 / 7.2 / -26.7 / 4.2
NYSM-ZO-8105 / Bonasa umbellus / NY / bone collagen / -22.0 / 6.1 / -27.0 / 3.1
NYSM-ZO-9943 / Bonasa umbellus / NY / bone collagen / -23.5 / 5.1 / -28.5 / 2.1
NYSM-ZO-9952 / Bonasa umbellus / NY / bone collagen / -24.3 / 5.5 / -29.3 / 2.5
n/a / Rubus canadensis / NY / wild fruit / -29.9 / -0.1 / - / -
n/a / Vaccinium myrtilloides / NY / wild fruit / -27.9 / -0.8 / - / -
n/a / Viburnum opulus / NY / wild fruit / -25.0 / -2.9 / - / -
NYSM-ZM 10150 / Odocoileus virginianus / NY / bone collagen / -20.7 / 4.5 / -25.7 / 1.5
NYSM-ZM 10151 / Odocoileus virginianus / NY / bone collagen / -21.2 / 3.9 / -26.2 / 0.9
NYSM-ZM 10330 / Lepus americanus / NY / bone collagen / -26.0 / 2.6 / -31.0 / -0.4
NYSM-ZM 10332 / Lepus americanus / NY / bone collagen / -23.4 / 3.3 / -28.4 / 0.3
NYSM-ZM 10356 / Lepus americanus / NY / bone collagen / -23.9 / 3.4 / -28.9 / 0.4
NYSM-ZM 3493 / Odocoileus virginianus / NY / bone collagen / -22.7 / 3.6 / -27.7 / 0.6
NYSM-ZM 3494 / Odocoileus virginianus / NY / bone collagen / -23.1 / 5.5 / -28.1 / 2.5
NYSM-ZM 3495 / Odocoileus virginianus / NY / bone collagen / -24.3 / 4.2 / -29.3 / 1.2
NYSM-ZM 3496 / Odocoileus virginianus / NY / bone collagen / -22.8 / 4.0 / -27.8 / 1.0
NYSM-ZM 3520 / Odocoileus virginianus / NY / bone collagen / -22.9 / 5.2 / -27.9 / 2.2
NYSM-ZM 3891 / Odocoileus virginianus / NY / bone collagen / -22.8 / 4.0 / -27.8 / 1.0
* For these specimens, carbon and nitrogen isotope values represent the average of 2 samples.
# For this specimen we tested 18 hair samples from different parts of the pelt.