Nkana Water and Sewerage Company

1

Design and Implementation of a Water Kiosk System for 3 Water Service Providers

2) Data Collection and Identification of Kiosk Pilot Areas

Table of Contents

1Introduction

1.1Organisation of the Report

1.2The Data Collection Exercise

2Part 1: Naivasha Water and Sewerage Company

2.1Contact Persons and Activities Carried Out

2.2Short Description of the Proposed Pilot Project Areas

2.3Results of the Water Consumption Measurement Exercise

2.4Kabati

2.4.1Short Description of the Area

2.4.2Administrative and Legal Status

2.4.3Demographic Data and Developments

2.4.4Main Sources of Income

2.4.5Local socio-Economic Infrastructure and Projects

2.4.6Current Water Supply Situation

2.4.7Water Payments

2.4.8Cleanliness of Water Outlets

2.4.9Current Sanitation Situation in Kabati

2.4.10Introducing a Kiosk System in Kabati

2.4.11Number of Kiosks Required

2.4.12Identification of Appropriate Sites for the Water Kiosks

2.4.13Need for a Technical Assessment

2.5Karagita

2.5.1Short Description of the Area

2.5.2Administrative and Legal Status

2.5.3Demographic Data and Developments

2.5.4Sources of Income

2.5.5Local Socio-Economic Infrastructure and Projects

2.5.6Current Water Supply Situation

2.5.7Supply Hours

2.5.8Existing Water Outlets and Supply

2.5.9Water Tariffs

2.5.10Cleanliness of Water Outlets

2.5.11Current Sanitation and Solid Waste Situation in Karagita

2.5.12Introducing a Kiosk System in Karagita

2.5.13Number of Kiosks Required

2.6County Council Community Residential (CCCR)

2.6.1Short Description of the Area

2.6.2Administrative and Legal Status

2.6.3Demographic Data and Developments

2.6.4Main Sources of Income

2.6.5Local Socio-Economic Infrastructure and Projects

2.6.6Current Water Supply Situation

2.6.7Existing Water Outlets and Supply

2.6.8Water Tariffs

2.6.9Cleanliness of Water Outlets

2.6.10Current Sanitation Situation in CCCR

2.6.11Introducing a Kiosk System in CCCR

2.6.12Number of Kiosks Required

2.7Areas in Naivasha Suitable for the Kiosk Pilot Project

3Part 2: Oloolaiser Water and Sewerage Company

3.1Introduction

3.2The Company

3.3Short Description of the Project Areas

3.4Results of the Water Measurement Exercise

3.5Kware (Ongata Rongai)

3.5.1Short Description of the Area

3.5.2Administrative and Legal Status

3.5.3Demographic Data and Developments

3.5.4Main Sources of Income

3.5.5Local Socio-Economic Infrastructure and Projects

3.5.6Current Water Supply Situation

3.5.7Existing Water Outlets and Supply

3.5.8Water Tariffs

3.5.9Cleanliness of Water Outlets

3.5.10Current Sanitation, Drainage and Solid Waste Situation in Kware

3.5.11Introducing a Kiosk System in Kware

3.5.12Number of Kiosks Required

3.6Gichagi and Mathare (Ngong)

3.6.1Short Description of both Areas

3.6.2Administrative and Legal Status

3.6.3Demographic Data and Developments

3.6.4Sources of Income

3.6.5Current Water Supply Situation

3.6.6Water Outlets and Supply

3.6.7Current Formal and Informal Tariffs

3.6.8Cleanliness of Water Outlets

3.6.9Current Sanitation, Drainage and Solid Waste Situation

3.6.10Introducing a Kiosk System in Gichagi and Mathare

3.6.11Number of Kiosks Required

3.7Areas in Ngong Suitable for the Kiosk Pilot Project

4Part 3: Mavoko- EPZA Water and Sewerage Company

4.1Introduction

4.2The Company

4.3Short Description of the Proposed Project Areas

4.4Results of the Water Measurement Exercise

4.5Old Town/Kwa Mangeli

4.5.1Short Description of the Area

4.5.2Administrative and Legal Status

4.5.3Demographic Data and Developments

4.5.4Sources of Income

4.5.5Socio-Economic Facilities

4.5.6Current Water Outlets and Supply

4.5.7Current Tariffs

4.5.8Cleanliness of Water Outlets

4.5.9Current Sanitation Situation in Kwa Mangeli

4.5.10Introducing a Kiosk System in Kwa Mangeli

4.5.11Number of Kiosks Required

4.6KMC Flats and Slums

4.6.1Administrative and Legal Status

4.6.2Services and Institutions

4.6.3Demographic Data and Developments

4.6.4Sources of Income

4.6.5Current Water Supply Situation

4.6.6Water Outlets and Supply

4.6.7Current Tariffs

4.6.8Cleanliness of Water Outlets

4.6.9Current Sanitation and Solid Waste Situation in KMC/Slums

4.6.10Introducing a Kiosk System in KMC/Slums

4.6.11Number of Kiosks Required

4.7Makadara/Makadara Slums (Sofia and Bondeni)

4.7.1Short Description of the Area

4.7.2Administrative and Legal Status

4.7.3Current Population of Makadara and Slums (Sofia and Bondeni)

4.7.4Sources of Income

4.7.5Local Socio-Economic Infrastructure

4.7.6Current Water Outlets and Supply

4.7.7Water Tariffs

4.7.8Cleanliness of Water Outlets

4.7.9Current Sanitation and Solid Waste Situation in Makadara/Slums

4.7.10Introducing a Kiosk System in Makadara/Slums

4.7.11Number of Kiosks Required

4.8Kitengela

4.8.1Short Description of the Area

4.8.2Layout

4.8.3Administrative and Legal Status

4.8.4Current Population

4.8.5Patterns of Migration

4.8.6Main Sources of Income

4.8.7Current Water Supply Situation

4.8.8Supply Hours and Water Rationing

4.8.9Water Tariffs

4.8.10Cleanliness of Water Outlets

4.8.11Current Sanitation and Solid Waste Situation

4.8.12Introducing a Kiosk System

4.8.13Number of Kiosks Required

5Analysis of the Collected Data

5.1Areas Selected and Populations Served

5.2Remarks and Assumptions

5.2.1Competing with the Existing Private Boreholes

5.2.2Sanitation/Kiosk Facilities at Markets and Bus Stations

5.2.3Estimated Vendor Incomes

6Glossary and List of Abbreviations

Design and Implementation of a Water Kiosk System for 3 Water service providers

Data Collection and Identification of Kiosk Pilot Areas

1Introduction

1.1Organisation of the Report

This report contains the results of the preparatory works for the implementation of pilot water kiosk systems for the following 3 water service providers:

• Naivasha Water and Sewerage Company.
• Oloolaiser Water and Sewerage Company.
• Mavoko – EPZA Water and Sewerage Company.

The report is made of 3 parts, one for each of the water service providers:

• Part 1 discusses some of the areas which are to benefit from interventions by Naivasha Water and Sewerage Company.
• Part 2 presents the situation in a number of areas of some of the towns supplied by Oloolaiser Water and Sewerage Company.
• Part 3 deals with the situation in some of the low-income areas in AthiRiver, which are supplied by Mavoko – EPZA Water and Sewerage Company.

Each part of the report is organised as follows:

• The list of potential water kiosk pilot areas.
• Presentation of the results of the data collection exercise carried out by the water service providers.
• Analysis of the collected data.
• Calculation of the number of kiosks required to serve the pilot project areas.
• Presentation of the project considering the budgetary framework, population served, per capita investment costs, etc.
• Data concerning the kiosk localisation exercise.
• A detailed description of the proposed water kiosk management system.
• Preparation of technical works, including the technical supervision concept, bills of quantities, etc.
• Preparation of the customer sensitisation programme.
• Preparation of the water vendor recruitment and training programme.

1.2The Data Collection Exercise

The Consultant visited all the 3 Water Service Providers (WSPs) in order to identify, together with the WSPs, areas suitable for the implementation of a water kiosk pilot project. The other objective was to train the staff of the WSPs on how to collect, using a set of data collection tools, demographic and socio-economic data in low-income areas.

The data which was collected will enable the Service Providers to calculate the number of water kiosks required in each area in order to meet the social, public health, technical, and commercial objectives of the Water service providers (see: Implementation Programme Document, March 2007).

After the training of a number of WSP staff members, data was collected on a number of low-income areas which had been identified by the management of the WSP as being areas suitable for supply through water kiosks ort a mixed system (kiosks and domestic connections). A number of areas were identified in all the towns supplied by the three (3) WSPs.

After the collection of the data,[1] the Consultant carried out a second round of visits aimed at assessing the quality of the data collected and to make a first assessment of the number of kiosks which will be required to serve the areas concerned.

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Plot with low income housing in Ngong.

2Part 1:NaivashaWater and Sewerage Company

2.1Contact Persons and Activities Carried Out

In Naivasha the Consultant worked with the following staff members:

• Mr. Daniel M. Ndiritu -Ag. Managing Director
• Ms. Serah W. Gachihi -Public Relations Section
• Mr. Humphrey Musava -Information Technology Expert
• Mr. M. Mugutu-Board Chairman NAIWASCO

Two (2) members of staff of Naivasha Water and Sewerage Services Company– Ms. Serah W. Gachihi and Mr. Humphrey Musava- assisted by three local residents,collected socio-economic and demographic data on all proposed pilot project areas. This team also conducted a water consumption measuring exercise in order to establish daily per capita consumption levels in the proposed areas.

2.2ShortDescription of the Proposed Pilot Project Areas

Naivasha town is situated in the Rift Valley Province of Kenya, approximately 89kilometres west of Nairobi.

In Naivasha data was collected in the three (3) possible pilot project areas namely:

• Karagita.
• Kabati.
• County Council Community Residential.

Karagita is an informal settlement, the area has been sub-divided and land tenure is secured.

Kabati is a planned area and land tenure is secured (people legally own the landthey occupy).

County Council Community Residential (CCCR) is a planned low-income Council housing area with uniform housing owned by the Council.

2.3Results of the Water Consumption Measurement Exercise

A water measurement exercise was carried out in Kabati and in CCCR (County Council Community Residential)in order to determine daily per capita consumption levels in the low cost areas of Naivasha. Table 2.1 shows the results of the measurement exercise in which 310 households participated.

Table 2.1: Results of the water measurement exercise

Source: Taskteam NAIWASCO

Table 2.1 shows that average daily per capita consumption is approximately 14 litres.[2]

There is a marked difference between the average daily consumption figures for Kabati and CCCR. The higher figure for CCCR is probably explained by the fact that CCCR has daily supply and that income levels in this part of town are somewhat higher.

The consumption figures findings should have important implications for the planning of a kiosk system. In this context it is important to mention that cart vendors (water resellers) and private boreholes are the main ‘sources’ of water in the proposed pilot kiosk areas. Water from these sources is relatively expensive(ranging between KSh 3 and KSh 10). Moreover, residents tend to have doubts with regard to the quality of the water they receive from the private boreholes. This means that with the introduction of water kiosks by the Service Provider, whose tariff is regulated, one may expect an increase in per capita consumption levels.

2.4Kabati

2.4.1Short Description of the Area

Kabati settlement is situated on the lower side of the Trans-African highway, about500 – 900 metres from Naivasha town centre.

Kabati can be described as a mixed income area with low and medium income levels. Most houses are permanent although the area also has a number of informal structures.

Most residents of Kabati are renting the accommodation they live in.

2.4.2Administrative and Legal Status

The area has a legal status and house owners possess letters of allotment provided by the Council and titles to the land. The area is planned and is accessible through a road network which however, is not in good condition and lacks proper drainage.

2.4.3Demographic Data and Developments

Current population

The area has about 1,301 developed plots. Most of these plots are occupied as only a few plots are being developed (and nearing completion).

A complete plot count was conducted and a representative sample of plots were visited in order to establish the average number of households and persons per plot and to estimate the total population of the area (sample size:67 households)

This exercise produced the following results:

• Kabati has 1,301 plots.
• The average number of persons per plot is 25.
• This means that the area has an estimated population of 32, 525 persons.

The plots in Kabati are relatively large and most plots are occupied by a number of tenant households. The plot counts shows that the average number of kitchens per plot is 8.4. We may, therefore assume that the average household size is relatively low; approximately 3 persons.

The area is expanding on the upper side where new plots are being developed. On its other sides Kabati is bordering privately owned land.

The population is likely to grow in the near future. Population growth can be attributed to natural growth but also to immigration. These rends are likely to result in higher population densities.

Patterns of migration

The current pattern of migration which contributes to the increase in the population of Kabati is mainly caused by the job opportunities created by the nearby flower farms (urban pull factor). Most new residents in Kabati have come from rural settlements in search of employment. Other settlers have developed a variety of small-scale business.

2.4.4Main Sources of Income

Income levels in Kabati are low to medium.Although some residents are in formal employment (teachers, nurses, etc.), a large majority of the adult population is active in the so-called informal sector of the local economy.A majority of the adult male and female populations of the area do not have formal employment and lack regular sources of income. Many adults are working on a casual basis at the flower farms or in the local construction industry. Some residents derive an income from small-scale business undertakings (small-scale trading, etc.). Some male residents derive a regular income from such skills as carpentry, plumbing and bricklaying.

2.4.5Local socio-Economic Infrastructure and Projects

The Kenya Beautification and Crime Reduction Initiative (KEBCRI) is active in the area and its scope of work is the management of waste collection. Residents pay KSh50 per month for having their waste collected and disposed off. The area has two Government primary schools and 1 private secondary school. The NaivashaDistrictHospitalis situated next to Kabati.

2.4.6Current Water Supply Situation

The Company’s water distribution network covers only part of the area any only a few lines are in good working condition. A number of plots, especially in the upper Kabati area, bordering Lakeview Estate, have yard connections. The rest of Kabati’s population mainly relies on cart vendors who sell water at KSh5/20-litre container. Others fetch their water from privately owned boreholes where water is old at KSh 3/20-litre container.

During interruptions in electricity supply cart vendors tend to double their informal retail price.

Kabati only receives 2.5 hours supply per week (during one day)!

Naivasha Water and Sewerage Company supplies 55 domestic connections which are all found in the upper part of Kabati. In addition to these legal connections the area has an unknown number of illegal connections.

Poor piped water supply explains the importance of the privately owned borehole supplied water kiosks. There are 5 commercially operated boreholes/kiosks in Kabati, 4 of which are equipped of them equipped with 3 taps each whereas the other kiosk even has 4 taps. Water from these informal kiosks is not treated.

A number of plots have water storage tanks for the collection of rainwater. Rainwater harvesting, however, has its risks as Naivasha has relatively low annual rainfall levels.

Table 2.2 shows water supply infrastructures and sources found in the area.

Table 2.2: Water supply in Kabati Area

Source: Project Taskteam NAIWASCO

2.4.7Water Payments

Residents pay KSh 3/20-litre container at all private boreholes and the rate is uniform. Cart vendors usually charge their clientele KSh 5/20-litre container, but their tariff fluctuates.

House connections supplied by the Company pay a flat rate of KSh 21/m3 per month.

2.4.8Cleanliness of Water Outlets

The surroundings of the privately owned boreholes are not kept clean. Keeping these informal kiosks clean would be difficult as none of them is equipped with a concrete slab. The kiosks, therefore, cannot be described as user-friendly as customers have to stand in the mud whilst waiting to be served.

2.4.9CurrentSanitation Situation in Kabati

Some parts of Kabati are connected to the WSP’s sewer line. In other parts of Kabati residents rely on improved latrines linked to a septic tank which are shared by all households on a plot. Others households only have access to traditional pit latrines.

Drainage is poor in the area resulting in recurring large pools of stagnant rainwater and wastewater.

There are no formal solidwaste dumpsites in Kabati and residents tend to create informal dumpsites whereas others throw their waste along the streets. The activities of KEBCRI are, however, resulting in the gradual improvement of the solid waste management situation.

2.4.10Introducing a Kiosk System in Kabati

The analysis of the existing water supply and sanitation situation and the results of the demographic data collection exercise indicate that a kiosk system is likely to be the best water supply solution for Kabati.

On the basis of discussions with company staff and with residents we are able to make the following recommendations concerning the implementation of a water kiosk system in Kabati:

• The community and the Mzee wa Mtaa should be involved in the localisation of water kiosks and the recruitment of Water Vendors.
• The same actors should also play an active role during the public information/sensitisation campaign.
• Acommunity participation approach should be part of the overall kiosk system concept.
• Close co-operation with Naivasha Municipal Council and the area leadership is also important in order to prevent political tensions that may be caused by local politicians. Interference by local politicians often tends to hamper development initiatives as some politicians try to “hijack” and even undermine projects and programmes. NAIWASCO interventions are and should remain non-political. This can sometimes be achieved by ignoring the local political arena but in some cases depoliticising development programmes is realised by bringing together politicians of the various political parties in order to assure that everyone supports the objectives and activities of the project or programme. Some members of the task team believe that the latter option may work for Kabati.

2.4.11Number of Kiosks Required

An assessment of the number of required kiosks is based upon:

• The population data.
• Daily per capita consumption levels.
• Required minimum water vendor incomes (see Chapter 5).
• The current and proposed kiosk water retail tariff (between KSh 0.42 and KSh 1.00/20-litre container).
• The availability of alternative water sources.
• The policy of the Company which intends to install house connections in the upper part of Kabati, where income levels are relatively high.

On the basis of these data and plans we can conclude that a sustainable kiosk system, in other words a system, which is sustainable from a social, commercial, and public health point of view, would require the construction of at least 10water kiosks (in addition to the existing 5 privately owned kiosks).