Nest Sanitation in Passerine Birds: Implications for Egg Rejection in Hosts of Brood Parasites

1

Nest sanitation in passerine birds: implications for egg rejection in hosts of brood parasites

Mélanie F. Guigueno • Spencer G. Sealy

M. F. Guigueno () and S. G. Sealy

Department of Biological Sciences

University of Manitoba

Journal of Ornithology

Supplementary Material 2Objects removed from nests in nature (“eaten” = eaten at the nest)

Object removed from nest cup / Species / Removal method / Source
Egg shells1 / Great Crested Flycatcher / Carried away / Lanyon (1997)
Green Jay / Eaten / Alvarez (1975)
Grey-necked Picathartes / Carried away 5-10 m / Tye (1987)
Arctic Warbler / Carried away / Murie (1956)
Nilgiri Laughingthrush / Carried away 20-30 m / Islam (1994)
Grey-breasted Laughingthrush / Carried away 15-30 m / Islam (1995)
Grey Catbird / Small pieces eaten, larger pieces carried away / Gabrielson (1913)
Crissal Thrasher / Carried away / Gilman (1909)
Eastern Bluebird / Eaten or carried away / Hartshorne (1962)
Common Myna / Carried away / Kannan and James (2001)
Dunnock / Eaten / Tomek (1988)
European Goldfinch / Eaten / Conder (1948)
Arctic Redpoll / Eaten or carried away / Knox and Lowther (2000b)
Black Rosy Finch / Eaten or carried away / Johnson (2002)
Palila / Carried away / Banko et al. (2002b)
American Yellow Warbler / Eaten / Welty (1982)
Great-tailed Grackle / Carried away / Johnson and Peer (2001)
Boat-tailed Grackle / Carried away / Post et al. (1996)
Song Sparrow / Carried away / Haldeman (1931)
Unhatched eggs / Pacific-slope Flycatcher / Found 7 m from nest (with puncture marks) / Lowther (2000)
Wrentit / Disappeared from nest / Erickson (1938)
Marsh Wren / Disappeared from nest (carried away?) / Welter (1935)
Common Starling / Ejected from nest / Nethersole-Thompson and Nethersole-Thompson (1942)
Object removed from nest cup / Species / Removal method / Source
Unhatched eggs (continued) / Bicknell’s Thrush / Carried away / Rimmer et al. (2001)
Wood Thrush / Some disappear from nest / Roth et al. (1996)
Eurasian Tree Sparrow / Carried away or dropped under nest (hole pecked in shell) / Flörchinger (2002)
Common Yellowthroat / Carried away 8 m (capped egg) / Shaver (1918)
Brewer’s Sparrow / Some carried away / Rotenberry et al. (1999)
Invertebrate parasites / Black-capped Vireo / Removed from nest / Grzybowski (1995)
Florida Scrub-Jay / Probing of nest lining / Woolfenden and Fitzpatrick. (1996)
Hawaiian Crow / Tugging at lining / Banko et al. (2002a)
Great Tit / Head buried in nest material, parasites killed / Christie et al. (1996)
Blue Tit / Head buried in nest material, parasites killed / Hurtrez-Boussès (2000)
Blue Tit / Burying in and fluffing nest structure / Bańbura et al. (2001)
Blue Tit / Head buried in nest material / Tripet et al. (2002)
Grey Catbird / Prodding of nest bottom / Gabrielson (1913)
Eastern Bluebird / Parasites located deep in nest material / Gowaty and Plissner (1997)
Dunnock / Dabbing in the nest / Tomek (1988)
Prairie Warbler / Eaten / Nolan et al. (1999)
Boat-tailed Grackle / Mites gleaned from nest / Post et al. (1996)
Yellow-headed Blackbird / Tearing of nest bottom / Twedt and Crawford (1995)
Northern Cardinal / Trembling and thrusting of nest bottom / Halkin and Linville (1999)
Lazuli Bunting / Shaking nest bottom vigorously / Green et al. 1996
Feathers / Striated Thornbill / Carried away after being repeatedly re-positioned in the nest / Thomson (1934)
Leaves and twigs / Green Jay / Carried away / Alvarez (1975)
Melodious Warbler / Carried away / Selous (1933)
Object removed from nest cup / Species / Removal method / Source
Leaves and twigs (continued) / Lincoln’s Sparrow / Carried away / Ammon (1995)
Uneaten food / Great Crested Flycatcher / Insect remains removed / Taylor and Kershner (1991)
American Robin / Carried away along with chick (food protruding from its mouth) / Grinnell and Storer (1924)
Dead chicks / Great Crested Flycatcher / Carried away by the leg / Taylor and Kershner (1991)
Grey Vireo / Carried away by colour band / Barlow et al. (1999)
Black-capped Vireo / Carried away if small enough / Grzybowski (1995)
Plumbeous Vireo / Carried away if small enough / Curson and Goguen (1998)
Marsh Wren / Disappeared from nest / Kroodsma and Verner (1997)
House Wren / Carried away nestlings almost full size / Johnson (1998)
Le Conte’s Thrasher / Carried away / Sheppard (1996)
European Starling / Carried away up until ninth day after hatching / Royall (1966)
Eastern Bluebird / Carried away from nest if younger than 7 days / Gowaty and Plissner (1997), Hartshorne (1962)
Bicknell’s Thrush / Carried away if small enough / Rimmer et al. (2001)
Wood Thrush / Carried away from nest / Roth et al. (1996)
House Finch / Sometimes removed / Hill (1993)
Poo-uli / Eaten / Kepler et al. (1996)
Prairie Warbler / Always removed / Nolan et al. (1999)
Brewer’s Blackbird / Carried away ≥ 15 m; dropped in same area as fecal sacs / Williams (1952), Welty (1982), Martin (2002)
Bobolink / Normally removed / Martin and Gavin (1995)
Smith’s Longspur / Disappeared from nest / Jehl (1968), Briskie (2009)
Lincoln’s Sparrow / Immediately carried away / Ammon (1995)
Chestnut-collared Longspur / Carried away / Hill and Lorne (1997)
Dark-eyed Junco / Carried away within 4-12 h / Nolan et al. (2002)
Savannah Sparrow / Carried away if younger than 4-5 days / Wheelwright and Rising (2008)
Object removed from nest cup / Species / Removal method / Source
Fecal sacs2 / Brewer’s Sparrow / Carried away within a few hours / Rotenberry et al. (1999)
Great-tailed Grackle / Carried away if small enough / Johnson and Peer (2001)
Boat-tailed Grackle / Carried away if ≤ 3 days old / Post et al. (1996)
Eastern Phoebe / Eaten, then carried away / Weeks (1994)
Say’s Phoebe / Carried away / Schukman and Wolf 1998
Olive-sided Flycatcher / Carried away / Altman and Sallabanks (2000)
Western Wood-Pewee / Carried away / Bemis and Rising (1999)
Eastern Wood-Pewee / Eaten, then carried away / McCarty (1996)
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher / Eaten or carried away / Gross and Lowther (2001)
Acadian Flycatcher / Eaten, then carried away / Whitehead and Taylor (2002)
Willow Flycatcher / Eaten, then carried away / Sedgwick (2000)
Least Flycatcher / Eaten, then carried away / Tarof and Briskie (2008)
Hammond’s Flycatcher / Eaten, then carried away / Sedgwick (1994)
Dusky Flycatcher / Eaten, then carried away / Sedgwick (1993)
Grey Flycatcher / Carried away / Sterling (1999)
Pacific Slope Flycatcher / Carried away / Lowther (2000)
Buff-breasted Flycatcher / Carried > 4 m / Bowers and Dunning (1994)
Vermillion Flycatcher / Eaten or carried away / Ellison et al. (2009)
Cassin’s Kingbird / Carried away / Tweit and Tweit (2000)
Western Kingbird / Carried away / Gamble and Bergin (1996)
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher / Eaten or carried away / Regosin (1998)
Eastern Kingbird / Carried away / Murphy (1996)
Rusty-winged Barbtail / Carried ≥ 20 m / Dobbs et al.(2003)
Superb Lyrebird / Carried ≤ 100 m; dropped in water or buried / Skutch (1976)
Grey Gerygone / Carried 6-15 m / Gill (1983)
Object removed from nest cup / Species / Removal method / Source
Fecal sacs (continued) / Varied Sittella / Carried ≥ 10 m; helpers present / Noske (1980)
Loggerhead Shrike / Carried away / Yosef (1996)
Great Grey Shrike / Carried > 20 m / Cade and Atkinson (2002)
Bell’s Vireo / Eaten, then carried away / Kus et al. (2010)
Grey Vireo / Eaten or carried away / Barlow et al. (1999)
Black-capped Vireo / Eaten, then carried > 5 m / Grzybowski, (1995)
Yellow-throated Vireo / Eaten, then carried away / Rodewald and James (1996)
Plumbeous Vireo / Eaten or carried away / Curson and Goguen (1998)
Blue-headed Vireo / Eaten, then carried away / Ross (1998)
Hutton’s Vireo / Eaten, then carried ≥ 5 m; deposited on branches / Davis (1995)
Warbling Vireo / Carried away / Gardali and Ballard (2000)
Red-eyed Vireo / Eaten, then carried 2-40 m; deposited on twigs, branches, trunk, or ground / Cimprich et al. (2000)
Black-whiskered Vireo / Eaten or carried away / Chace et al. (2002)
Willie Wagtail / Carried 1-1.5 meters closer when nestlings were older / Goodey and Lill (1993)
Grey Jay / Carried 6 m / Strickland and Ouellet (1993)
Green Jay / Eaten, then carried away; helpers present / Gayou (1995)
Mexican Jay / Eaten, then carried away / McCormack and Brown (2008)
Western Scrub Jay / Eaten, then carried away / Curry et al. (2002)
Island Scrub Jay / Carried away / Curry et al. (2002)
Florida Scrub-Jay / Eaten or carried away; helpers present / McGowan (1995)
Pinyon Jay / Eaten or carried away / Balda (2002)
Azure-winged Magpie / Remove; helpers present / Valencia et al. (2003)
Black-billed Magpie / Eaten in early nestling period / Trost (1999)
Clark’s Nutcraker / Eaten or carried away / Tomback (1998)
Object removed from nest cup / Species / Removal method / Source
Fecal sacs (continued) / American Crow / Eaten or carried away 20-50 m; deposited on branch or ground; helpers present / McGowan (1995), Verbeek and Caffrey (2002)
Northwestern Crow / Eaten, then carried away / Verbeek and Butler (1999)
Fish Crow / Eaten, then carried away / McGowan (2001)
Hawaiian Crow / Carried away / Banko et al. (2002a)
Northern Raven / Eaten, then carried away / Boarman and Heinrich (1999)
Chihuahuan Raven / Eaten, then carried away / Bednarz and Raitt (2002)
Carolina Chickadee / Removed / Mostrom et al. (2002)
Black-capped Chickadee / Eaten or carried away / Foote et al. (2010)
Mountain Chickadee / Carried away / McCallum et al. (1999)
Grey-headed Chickadee / Removed / Hailman and Haftorn (1995)
Boreal Chickadee / Removed / Ficken et al. (1996)
Chestnut-backed Chickadee / Carried away / Dahlsten et al. (2002)
Great Tit / Mostly eaten, some carried away / Kluijver (1950)
Bridled Titmouse / Carried away; helpers present / Nocedal and Ficken (1998)
Oak Titmouse / Removed / Cicero (2000a)
Juniper Titmouse / Removed / Cicero (2000b)
Verdin / Eaten or carried > 8 m / Webster (1999)
Sand Martin / Eaten or carried away / Garrison (1999)
Tree Swallow / Eaten, then carried away 20-50 m; some dropped over water / Weatherhead (1984), Hurd et al. (1991)
Violet-Green Swallow / Carried away / Brown et al. (1992)
Purple Martin / Eaten, then carried away ≥ 20 m / Brown (1997)
Northern Rough-winged Swallow / Carried 30-60 m / De Jong (1996)
Barn Swallow / Removed in the early nestling stage / Spencer (2005)
Welcome Swallow / Carried 8-25 m / Tarburton (1993)
Ethiopian Swallow / Carried > 10 m / Grant (1984)
Object removed from nest cup / Species / Removal method / Source
Fecal sacs (continued) / Eurasian Skylark / Eaten, then carried away / Campbell et al. (1997)
Horned Lark / Carried 20-40 m / Beason (1995)
Red-whiskered Bulbul / Eaten / Islam and Williams (2000)
Red-vented Bulbul / Eaten / Islam and Williams (2000)
Arctic Warbler / Carried away in late nestling stage / Lowther and Sharbaugh (2008)
Arabian Babbler / Removed; helpers present / Wright 1998
Yellow-billed Babbler / Eaten, then carried away / Jeyasingh (1975), Khacher (1978)
Nilgiri Laughingthrush / Eaten only / Islam (1994)
Grey-breasted Laughingthrush / Eaten only / Islam (1995)
Firecrest / Only carried away / Kirkpatrick (1984)
Golden-crowned Kinglet / Eaten, then carried away, deposited on branches / Ingold and Galati (1997)
Ruby-crowned Kinglet / Removed / Swanson et al. (2008)
Cactus Wren / Eaten, or carried < 30 m / Proudfoot, Sherry, and Johnson (2000)
Rock Wren / Carried > 50 m / Lowther et al. (2000)
Sedge Wren / Removed / Herkert et al. (2001)
Marsh Wren / Eaten, then carried away / Kroodsma and Verner (1997)
Bewick’s Wren / Carried away / Kennedy and White (1997)
Carolina Wren / Eaten, then carried away / Haggerty and Morton (1995)
Winter Wren / Carried 10-20 m; attached on lighting cable or branches / Gale (2001), Hejl et al. (2002)
House Wren / Eaten, then carried 15-40 m; deposited on branches; helpers rare / Scott (1998)
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher / Eaten, then carried ~ 10 m / Ellison (1992)
California Gnatcatcher / Eaten or carried away / Atwood and Bontrager (2001)
Object removed from nest cup / Species / Removal method / Source
Fecal sacs (continued) / Pygmy Nuthatch / Eaten, then carried away; helpers present / Kingery and Ghalambor (2001)
Brown-headed Nuthatch / Carried away; helpers present / Withgott and Smith (1998)
Red-breasted Nuthatch / Removed / Ghalambor and Martin (1999)
White-breasted Nuthatch / Carried 6 - 60 m / Weitzel (2005)
Brown Creeper / Attached to wooden pole ≥ 3 m high / Washington (1986)
Grey Catbird / Eaten, then carried away / Gabrielson (1913)
Northern Mockingbird / Eaten or carried away / Derrickson and Breitwisch (1992)
Brown Thrasher / Eaten, then carried away / Gabrielson (1912)
Long-billed Thrasher / Eaten, then carried away / Tweit (1997)
Curve-billed Thrasher / Eaten, then carried < 45 m / Tweit (1996)
Le Conte’s Thrasher / Eaten or carried away / Sheppard (1996)
Crested Myna / Carried 1-150 m / Johnson and Campbell (1995)
Common Myna / Removed / Kannan and James (2001)
Northern Wheatear / Eaten, then carried 40 m or 30-100 m / Brooke (1981), Kren and Zoerb (1997)
Eastern Bluebird / Carried an average 91 m ± 11 or 20-100 m; disposed on electric wires, fence posts, tree branches, and utility poles / Gowaty and Plissner (1998), Lang et al.(2002)
Western Bluebird / Carried 9.5 - 43 m / Weitzel (2003)
Mountain Bluebird / Eaten, then carried away / Power and Lombardo (1996)
Kamao / Eaten or carried away / Wakelee and Fancy (1999a)
Olomao / Eaten or carried away / Wakelee and Fancy (1999b)
Townsend’s Solitaire / Eaten or carried away / Bowen (1997)
Veery / Eaten, then carried away / Bevier et al. (2005)
Bicknell’s Thrush / Eaten, then carried away / Rimmer et al. (2001)
Swainson’s Thrush / Eaten, then carried away / Mack and Yong (2000)
Object removed from nest cup / Species / Removal method / Source
Fecal sacs (continued) / Hermit Thrush / Eaten, then carried away / Jones and Donovan (1996)
Wood Thrush / Eaten or carried away / Roth et al. (1996)
American Robin / Eaten, then carried > 30.5 m / Hurd et al.(1991), Sallabanks and James (1999)
European Robin / Attached along 30 m of electricity cable / Woodman (2002)
Bluethroat / Eaten or carried away / Guzy and Mccaffery (2002)
White-rumped Shama / Eaten or carried away / Roberts et al. (1998)
American Dipper / Carried away; thrown in stream / Kingery (1996)
House Sparrow / Carried away / Lowther and Calvin (2006)
Red-billed Quelea / Removed only in the early nestling period / Morel and Morel (1984)
Grey Wagtail / Dropped in water / Hasegawa (1976)
White Wagtail / Eaten, then carried away / Nakamura et al. (1984)
Japanese Wagtail / Dropped in water / Nakamura et al.(1984)
Buff-bellied Pipit / Eaten or carried < 50 m / Verbeek and Hendricks (1994)
Water Pipit / Carried ≤ 100 m / Hendricks (1987b)
Short-billed Pipit / Removed / Robbins and Dale (1999)
Sprague’s Pipit / Eaten or carried away / Robbins and Dale (1999)
Common Chaffinch / Eaten, then carried away or not removed / Newton (1972)
Pine Siskin / Eaten in early nestling stage / Dawson (1997)
American Goldfinch / Eaten or carried away in early nestling / McGraw and Middleton 2009)
Lesser Goldfinch / Eaten in early nestling stage / Watt and Willoughby (1999)
Lawrence’s Goldfinch / Eaten in early nestling stage / Davis (1999)
Common Redpoll / Eaten or carried away in early nestling stage / Knox and Lowther (2000a)
Arctic Redpoll / Eaten or carried away / Knox and Lowther (2000b)
Grey-crowned Rosy Finch / Eaten or carried ≥ 100 m / MacDougall-Shackleton et al. (2000)
Object removed from nest cup / Species / Removal method / Source
Fecal sacs (continued) / Black Rosy Finch / Carried ≥ 100 m / Johnson (2002)
Brown-capped Rosy Finch / Eaten, then carried ≤200 m / Johnson et al. (2000)
Purple Finch / Removed / Wootten (1996)
Pine Grosbeak / Eaten or carried away / Adkisson (1999)
Red Crossbill / Eaten in early nestling stage / Adkisson (1996)
Evening Grosbeak / Removed / Gillihan and Byers (2001)
Laysan Finch / Carried away in early nestling stage / Morin and Conant (2002)
Maui Parrotbill / Removed in early nestling stage / Simon et al. (1997)
Hawaii Amakihi / Eaten / Lindsey et al. (1998)
Anianiau / Removed / Lepson (1997)
Nukupuu / Removed / Pratt et al. (2001)
Akiapolaau / Removed / Pratt et al. (2001)
Hawaii Creeper / Carried away / Lepson et al. (2002)
Maui Alauahio / Eaten, then carried away; helpers present / Barker and Barker (2000)
Akepa / Eaten, then carried away in early nestling stage / Lepson and Freed (1997)
Iiwi / Removed / Fancy and Ralph (1998)
Apapane / Removed / Fancy and Ralph (1997)
Nashville Warbler / Eaten or carried away / Williams (1996b)
Virginia’s Warbler / Eaten, then carried away / Olson and Martin (1999)
Colima Warbler / Removed / Beason and Wauer (1998)
Northern Parula / Eaten or carried away / Moldenhauer and Regelski. 1996
Chestnut-sided Warbler / Eaten, then carried away / Richardson and Brauning (1995)
American Yellow Warbler / Eaten or carried away / Lowther et al. (1999)
Bay-breasted Warbler / Eaten or carried away / Williams (1996a)
Magnolia Warbler / Eaten, then carried away / Dunn and Hall (2010)
Cerulean Warbler / Removed / Hamel (2000)
Object removed from nest cup / Species / Removal method / Source
Fecal sacs (continued) / Black-throated Blue Warbler / Eaten, then carried away; deposited on branches / Holmes et al. (2005)
Yellow-rumped Warbler / Eaten or carried 10 m; deposited on branches / Hunt and Flaspohler (1998)
Golden-cheeked Warbler / Eaten or carried away / Ladd and Gass (1999)
Black-throated Green Warbler / Eaten or carried away / Douglass and Poole (2005)
Hermit Warbler / Carried away / Pearson (1997)
Grace’s Warbler / Carried away / Stacier and Guzy (2002)
Prairie Warbler / Carried ≥ 35 m; attached to tree branches / Nolan (1978)
Kirtland’s Warbler / Eaten, then carried ≥ 10 m / Mayfield (1992)
American Redstart / Eaten, then carried away / Sherry and Holmes (1997)
Prothonotary Warbler / Eaten, then carried on average 40 m; dropped over land or water / Petit and Petit (1987)
Swainson’s Warbler / Eaten or carried away / Anich et al. (2010)
Ovenbird / Eaten, then carried 20-30 m / Van Horn and Donovan (1994)
Louisiana Waterthrush / Eaten, then carried 3-30 m; discarded in pool of water / Robinson (1990), Mattsson et al. (2009)
Kentucky Warbler / Eaten or carried away / McDonald (1998)
Common Yellowthroat / Eaten, then carried away several meters to 300 m / Shaver (1918), Guzy and Ritchison (1999)
Hooded Warbler / Eaten or carried away / Ogden and Stutchbury (1994)
Wilson’s Warbler / Eaten or carried away / Ammon and Gilbert (1999)
Canada Warbler / Removed / Reitsma et al. (2010)
Red-faced Warbler / Eaten, then carried away / Martin and Barber (1995)
Painted Whitestart / Eaten, then carried away / Barber et al. (2000)
Yellow-breasted Chat / Mostly eaten, but also carried away / Eckerle and Thompson (2001)
Object removed from nest cup / Species / Removal method / Source
Fecal sacs (continued) / Orchard Oriole / Eaten or carried away / Scharf and Kren (2010)
Scott’s Oriole / Eaten, then carried away / Flood (2002)
Audubon’s Oriole / Eaten, then carried away / Flood et al. (2002)
Bullock’s Oriole / Removed / Rising and Williams (1999)
Altamira Oriole / Eaten or carried away / Brush and Pleasants (2005)
Brown-headed Cowbird / Eaten or carried away (host feces) / Stake and Cavanagh (2001)
Red-winged Blackbird / Eaten, then carried away; some dropped in water / Hurd et al.(1991)
Tricolored Blackbird / Removed / Beedy and Hamilton (1999)
Brewer’s Blackbird / Carried > 15 m / Martin (2002)
Rusty Blackbird / Removed / Avery (1995)
Common Grackle / Eaten, then carried away; may be dropped in water / Cliburn (1978), Weatherhead (1988), Brian and Bollinger (1997)
Great-tailed Grackle / Removed, dropped in water / Johnson and Peer (2001)
Boat-tailed Grackle / Removed / Post et al. (1996)
Yellow-headed Blackbird / Eaten, then carried away / Twedt and Crawford (1995)
Bobolink / Eaten, then carried > 15 m / Martin and Gavin (1995)
Dickcissel / Removed / Temple (2002)
Lapland Longspur / Eaten, then carried 50-75 m; some dropped in water / Hussel and Montgomerie (2002)
Smith’s Longspur / Eaten or carried away / Briskie (2009)
Chestnut-collared Longspur / Eaten or carried 20-40 m / Hill and Gould (1997)
Snow Bunting / Eaten in early nestling stage / Lyon and Montgomerie (1995)
Lark Bunting / Eaten, then carried away / Shane (2000)
Song Sparrow / Eaten, then carried away / Nice (1964)
Lincoln’s Sparrow / Eaten or carried away / Ammon (1995)
Swamp Sparrow / Carried away / Mowbray (1997)
Object removed from nest cup / Species / Removal method / Source
Fecal sacs (continued) / Harris’ Sparrow / Eaten or carried > 25 m / Norment and Shackleton (2008)
White-crowned Sparrow / Eaten or carried away / Morton (1979), Chilton et al. (1995)
Golden-crowned Sparrow / Eaten, then carried away / Norment et al. (1998)
Dark-eyed Junco / Eaten, then carried away; deposited on branches / Nolan et al. (2002)
Yellow-eyed Junco / Removed; deposited on branches / Sullivan (2002)
Savannah Sparrow / Carried 10-50 m / Wheelwright and Rising (2008)
Seaside Sparrow / Eaten or carried > 10 m / Post and Greenlaw (2009)
Saltmarsh Sparrow / Carried 10-50 m / Greenlaw and Rising (1994)
Henslow’s Sparrow / Eaten, then carried away / Herkert et al. (2002)
Field Sparrow / Eaten, then carried ~ 25 m / Carey et al. (2008)
Clay-colored Sparrow / Eaten, then carried about 50 m / Knapton (1994)
Brewer’s Sparrow / Carried away / Rotenberry et al. (1999)
Vesper Sparrow / Eaten or carried away / Jones and Cornely (2002)
Sage Sparrow / Carried 15 – 20 m / Martin and Carlson (1998)
Cassin’s Sparrow / Eaten or carried away / Dunning et al. (1999)
Bachman’s Sparrow / Eaten, then carried away / Dunning (2006)
Botteri’s Sparrow / Eaten, then carried away / Webb and Bock (1996)
Eastern Towhee / Eaten, then carried away / Greenlaw (1996)
Scarlet Tanager / Eaten, then carried away / Mowbray (1999)
Western Tanager / Eaten, then carried away / Hudon (1999)
Northern Cardinal / Eaten, then carried away / Halkin and Linville (1999)
Indigo Bunting / Eaten, then carried ≥ 10 m / Payne (2006)
Lazuli Bunting / Eaten, then carried >20 m / Greene et al. (1996)
Varied Bunting / Eaten, then carried ~ 20 m / Groschupf and Thompson (1998)

1Egg shells were carried ≥ 45 m in Australian species (Thomson 1934), eaten or carried away in a review of about 150 species (Nethersole-Thompson and Nethersole-Thompson 1942), carried “a considerable distance” (Wallace and Mahan 1975) or fed to chicks or carried “far from the nest” (Winkler 2004)