Chapter 35
Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa,
and Latin America
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.In the decades following World War I, nationalism was most powerful in Asia in the regions of
a. Korea.
b. China
c. India
d. Japan
e. China and India
Answer: e
Page: 814
2.The most influential organization dedicated to the end of British rule in India was the
a. Muslim League.
b. Pan-Indian Association.
c. Indian National Congress.
d. League of the Fourteen Points.
e. Indian Communist Party.
Answer: c
Page: 814
3.Indian nationals were influenced by
a. Winston Churchill.
b.Woodrow Wilson.
c. Adolf Hitler.
d. Benito Mussolini.
e. Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Answer: b
Page: 815
4.Satyagraha was
a. Gandhi’s philosophy of passive resistance.
b. the Islamic leader who called for the creation of Pakistan for India’s Muslims.
c. the Nazi attack on Jewish shops known as the “night of broken glass.”
d. a new artistic movement that flourished after World War I.
e. the Chinese nationalist party headed by Jiang Jieshi.
Answer: a
Page: 815
5.Which of the following refers to “land of the pure”?
a. India
b. Soviet Union
c. Korea
d. Pakistan
e. Manchuria
Answer: d
Page: 816
6.Which of the following was NOT one of the foundations of Gandhi’s philosophy?
a. an attempt to improve the position of the harijans
b. boycotting British goods
c. heavy industrialization
d. passive resistance
e. economic self-sufficiency
Answer: c
Page: 815
7.The India Act of 1937
a. gave total independence to India from Britain.
b. instituted new measures of oppression that the British used to quell opposition to their rule in India.
c. gave the institutions of a self-governing state to India, although the British government still exercised overall control.
d. created the Muslim state of Pakistan.
e. provided a clear timetable for the independence of India.
Answer: c
Page: 815
8.Muhammad Ali Jinnah called for the creation of
a. Pakistan.
b. Iraq.
c. Palestine.
d. Saudi Arabia.
e. Indonesia.
Answer: a
Page: 816
9.The Great Depression aggravated the tense situation between Muslims and Hindus in India, in part because
a. Muslims perceived that they were economically controlled by the Hindu majority of India.
b. all British economic assistance went to Hindus rather than Muslims.
c. the Hindu majority of India refused to do business with Muslims.
d. Hindus accused Muslims of being the cause of the depression in India.
e. None of these answers is correct.
Answer: a
Page: 815-816
10.The May Fourth Movement
a. disguised the beginning of Stalin’s great purge of his enemies.
b. was Lenin’s shocking free market reforms.
c. perfectly expressed growing Japanese nationalism.
d. galvanized the Chinese against foreign interference.
e. dissolved Gandhi’s nonviolent movement into a series of violent uprisings.
Answer: d
Page: 816
11.The founding of the Chinese Communist Party was directly influenced by
a. India.
b. Indonesia.
c. Iraq.
d. Pakistan.
e. Soviet Union.
Answer: e
Page: 816
12.The former teacher and librarian that became the leader of the Chinese communist movement was
a. Jiang Jieshi.
b. Sun Yatsen.
c. Shanfei.
d. Mao Zedong.
e. Guomindang.
Answer: d
Page: 816, 819
13.Sun Yatsen’s plan for China included all of the following EXCEPT
a. the elimination of privileges for foreigners.
b. the establishment of a communist, totalitarian government.
c. national reunification.
d. economic development.
e. a democratic republican government based on universal suffrage.
Answer: b
Page: 817
14.Who launched the Northern Expedition?
a. Sun Yatsen.
b. Mohandas Gandhi.
c. Jiang Jieshi.
d. Puyi.
e. Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Answer: c
Page: 817
15.The nationalist government of China was challenged by all of the following EXCEPT
a. the possibility of a revolution led by Chinese communists.
b. Japanese aggression.
c. economic hardship caused by the Great Depression.
d. local Chinese warlords that controlled a portion of China.
e. communists inspired by the Long March.
Answer: c
Page: 818-819
16.The Long March
a. destroyed Mao Zedong’s credibility with the Chinese.
b. left Jiang Jieshi in complete control of the Chinese Communist Party.
c. forced Mao Zedong to flee China and hide in the Soviet Union.
d. greatly strengthened Mao Zedong’s leadership position.
e. was the final victory for the Guomindang.
Answer: d
Page: 819
17.Maoism was
a. a political ideology that held that the urban proletariat was the foundation for a successful communist revolution.
b. solely an economic policy based on encouraging agrarian growth in China.
c. solely an economic plan that encouraged the growth of industry in China.
d. a political ideology that held that peasants were the foundation for a successful communist revolution.
e. a foreign policy agenda that actively encouraged open relations with democratic western powers.
Answer: d
Page: 819
18.The Great Depression led Japan to
a. institute greater democratic reforms for its government.
b. embrace more western institutions.
c. consult more frequently with other countries on matters of security and economics.
d. turn toward a militaristic government whose goal was the domination of east Asia.
e. a revolution that placed the Japanese communist party in power.
Answer: d
Page: 819-820
19.Which of the following Asian countries was part of the “big five” in the League of Nations?
a. Indonesia
b. China
c. Korea
d. Japan
e. Manchuria
Answer: d
Page: 819
20.After World War I, which of the following countries sought to preserve their cultural identity against western influences?
a. China
b. Pakistan
c. Japan
d. India
e. Palestine
Answer: c
Page: 819
21.The “Mukden incident”
a. started active warfare between the Chinese nationalists and communists.
b. started the career of Mao Zedong.
c. resulted in the signing of the Sino-Russian Pact.
d. provided Germany with an excuse to send troops into Poland.
e. provided Japan with the excuse to send troops into Manchuria.
Answer: e
Page: 820
22.Manchukuo was the
a. Japanese nationalist leader who led Japan into World War II.
b. Korean leader who vainly fought to push the Japanese out of Korea.
c. Japanese puppet state in the former Manchuria.
d. the code name for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
e. scene of the biggest naval battle in the Pacific during World War II.
Answer: c
Page: 820
23.The Allies had invaded German colonies in Africa by
a. 1914.
b. 1915.
c. 1919.
d. 1917.
e. 1923.
Answer: a
Page: 821
24.Africans were participants in World War I because
a. they were paid a great deal of money by the Europeans to participate.
b. many believed in the cause of the Entente powers versus the Central powers.
c. many believed in the cause of the Central powers versus the Entente powers.
d. they were bound by colonial ties to European powers.
e. they were paid a great deal of money by the Europeans to participate, and many believed in the cause of the Entente powers versus the Central powers.
Answer: d
Page: 821
25.By the end of World War I, how many people from Africa had served in the French army?
a. 500,000
b. 385,000
c. 480,000
d. 610,000
e. 450,000
Answer: c
Page: 821
26.All of the following African colonies were compelled by European colonial powers to participate in the Great WarEXCEPT
a. British colonies.
b. Spanish colonies.
c. Belgian colonies.
d. Italian colonies.
e. German colonies.
Answer: b
Page: 820
27.After World War I, colonial powers
a. let go of their colonial holdings.
b. gave the colonials the right to vote.
c. shut down exportation.
d. made the colonies dependent on the European economy.
e. granted independence for those colonies that served during the war.
Answer: d
Page: 822
28.In South Africa, how much land was reserved for the whites?
a. 88 percent
b. 50 percent
c. 95 percent
d. 82 percent
e. 68 percent
Answer: a
Page: 823
29.In South Africa, how much of the population did whites make up?
a. 50 percent
b. 20 percent
c. 45 percent
d. 65 percent
e. 15 percent
Answer: b
Page: 823
30.In which of the following groups did ideas regarding African nationalism generate?
a. peasants
b. veterans of World War I
c. new elite
d. laborers
e. women
Answer: c
Page: 823-824
31.Pan-Africanism is an idea that advocated
a. the formation of individual African states whose borders were the same as those established by the European colonial powers.
b. the creation of individual African states based solely on religious affiliation.
c. the creation of individual African states based on language groups.
d. the establishment of Muslim states throughout Africa.
e. the unification of all people of African descent around the globe into one African state.
Answer: e
Page: 825
32.One of the greatest proponents of Pan-Africanism was
a. Martin Luther King, Jr.
b. Malcolm X.
c. Jomo Kenyatta.
d. Marcus Garvey.
e. Jesse Jackson.
Answer: d
Page: 825
33.U.S. policies toward Latin America included
a. the New Deal.
b. “dollar diplomacy.”
c. the Good Neighbor Policy.
d. the Latin American Assistance Plan.
e. “dollar diplomacy” and the Good Neighbor Policy.
Answer: e
Page: 827-829
34.Mexican President ______nationalized his country’s oil industry, thus posing a challenge to the United States policy of nonintervention in Latin American affairs.
a. Lázaro Cárdenas
b. Diego Rivera
c. José Carlos Mariátegui
d. Juan Batista Sacasa
e. Anastacio Somoza Garcia
Answer: a
Page: 829
35.Who of the following is most closely associated with the Good Neighbor Policy?
a. Woodrow Wilson
b. Warren Harding
c. Herbert Hoover
d. Theodore Roosevelt
e. Franklin D. Roosevelt
Answer: e
Page: 829
TRUE/FALSE
36.During the twenty-five years he spent in South Africa, Gandhi embraced a moral philosophy of tolerance and nonviolence, and developed the technique of passive resistance.
Answer: True
Page: 815
37.Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the Muslim league, proposed two states, one for Hindus and one for Muslims: India and Pakistan.
Answer: True
Page: 816
38.Sun Yatsen called for special privileges for foreigners, national reunification, economic development, and a democratic republican government based on universal suffrage.
Answer: False
Page: 816-817
39.Jiang Jieshi launched a political and military offensive known as the Northern Expedition, which aimed to unify the nation and bring China under Guomindang rule.
Answer: True
Page: 817
40.During the Long March, Mao Zedong emerged as the leader and principal theoretician of the Chinese communist movement.
Answer: True
Page: 819
41.Africa’s new elite were Europeans who came to Africa after the Great War and attained high-ranking offices and helped Africans gain independence.
Answer: False
Page: 823
42.It is President Theodore Roosevelt that argued that the United States should substitute “dollars for bullets” in its foreign policy.
Answer: False
Page: 827
43.The pressures of the Great Depression led to a reassessment of U.S. foreign policy in Latin America during the 1920s and 1930s; this revamped approach became known as the “Good Neighbor Policy.”
Answer: True
Page: 828-829
44.The leader of the opposition to U.S. Marines occupying Nicaragua in the 1920s was Anastacio Somoza Garcia.
Answer: False
Page: 829
45.Widespread Mexican migration to the United States during and after the Great War suggested the attractiveness of the United States for at least some Latin Americans.
Answer: True
Page: 830
ESSAY
46.Examine United States President Woodrow Wilson’s concept of the self-determination of nations. Why did it have such a profound impact, in the years following World War I, on Asia, Africa, and Latin America? How, specifically, did it contribute to the rise of nationalism and political identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America?
47.Mao Zedong proposed that “the present upsurge of the peasant movement is a colossal event.” Why did Mao champion the peasants as a revolutionary force? Why was this proposal so radical? Compare Mao’s philosophy to that of Marx and Lenin.
48.Examine the evolution of Indian nationalism. What role did Gandhi play in the process? What were his main ideas? What made the Indian situation so complicated in regard to forging a sense of national unity and achieving independence?
49.Examine the struggle for political stability in China in the 1920s and 1930s. What role did Sun Yatsen play in this process? Compare and contrast the political philosophies of Jiang Jieshi and Mao Zedong.
50.Compare and contrast Indian and Chinese nationalism. In what ways did they differ? What were the main threats to each? Which would be more successful?
51.The efforts of European colonial powers to consolidate their political control over Africa in the years following World War I contributed to African domestic unrest that spurred nationalist movements. What were some of these measures? What specifically made them detrimental to the Africans?
52.Nationalism in Africa did not emerge in only one form. Who were some of the leaders of African nationalism and what were some of the different approaches they tooktoward establishing African national identity and ultimately an Africa independent of European influence?
53.Latin American nationalism developed from the struggle of the region’s indigenous populations with neocolonialism. What is neocolonialism? How did it manifest itself in Latin America, and what was its impact on the evolution of Latin American nationalist identity?
54.Examine Map 35.1, The struggle for control in China, 1927-1936. What were the main groups contesting for control of China? What threat did the Japanese represent to Chinese independence?
55.Examine Map 35.1, The struggle for control in China, 1927-1936. What was the role of the Chinese Communist Party and the Guomindang in the development of Chinese nationalism? What role did the Long March play in the career of Mao Zedong?
56.Look at the picture of Jiang Jieshi and Mao Zedong on page 819. What were their main philosophies? What was their relationship to Sun Yatsen? How did they influence Chinese history?
57.Study the excerpt from Marcus Garvey regarding “Africa for Africans” (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Africa for Africans). How does Garvey convey to his listeners the need for African independence? How does he believe that African independence can be accomplished?
58.What was the status of India within the British empire after World War I? What were some of the sources of tension in India at this time?
59.Two warring factions emerged in China between the wars: the Nationalists and the Communists. What values and interests did each represent? What advantages did each have?
60.Two political factions dominated Japanese politics after World War I: the internationalists and the militarists. What values and interests did each represent? What advantages did each have?
61.To what extent was the continent of Africa transformed by the Great War? What circumstances caused changes to occur, and what was the nature of those changes?
62.What factors caused Africans to challenge European authority during the Great War?
63.Explain the role of the United States and the financial interests of U.S. businesses in the evolution of economic imperialism in Latin America.
64.Looking at the careers of artist Diego Rivera and entertainer Carmen Miranda, discuss how popular culture related to international politics and diplomacy between the United States and Latin America during the decades after the Great War.