NAME:SHITTU LANRE KABIR
MATRIC NO:ARC/01/0462
DEPARTMENT: ARCHITECTURE
COURSE :RESEARCH METHODS IN ARCHITECTURE
COURSE CODE:ARC 805
SCHOOL : SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL
TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF
TECHNOLOGY, AKURE.
TOPIC: EFFECT OF COLOUR IN ELEGBELEYE
SPECIALIST HOSPITAL IKOSI – KETU,
LAGOS.
LECTURER: PROF. O.O. OGUNSOTE
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
Title Page i
Table of Content 1
Abstract 3-4
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction 5
1.1 Classification 5
1.2 Level of Health care 6
1.3 Study Area: An Over-view 6
1.4 Motivation 7
1.5 Aim & Objectives 7
Chapter Two
2.0 Literature Review 8
2.1 Historical Development 8
2.2 The Evolution of Health Services in Nigeria 9
2.3 Pre – Colonial 9
2.4 Colonial 10
2.5 Post - Colonial 10
2.6 The Federal Government Health Policy 10
2.7 Health Education 11
2.8 Environmental Protection and Sanitation 11
2.9 Some Federal Government Health Programmes12
2.9 (i) Health for all by the year 2010 13
2.9 (ii) The Roll Back Malaria Programme 13
2.9 (iii) National Programme on Immunization 13
Chapter Three
3.0 Research Methodology 13
3.1 Research Findings 13
3.1 (i) Case Study One (Alqudus Medical Center, Lagos)13
Facilities Provided 13
Merits 14
Demerits 14
3.1 (ii) Case Study Two (St. John Mary Hospital Isikan, Akure)14
Facilities Provided 14
Merits 15
Demerits 15
3.1 (iii) Case Study Three (Yaba College of Tech. Med. Center, Lagos)16
Site Location 16
Facilities Provided 16
Merits 16
Demerits 16
Chapter Four
4.0 Recommendation 16
4.1 Summary 17
4.2 Conclusion 18
References 19
THE EFFECT OF COLOUR IN ELEGBELEYE SPECIALIST HOSPITAL IKOSI-KETU, LAGOS.
ABSTRACT: Colour is an effective and fascinating substance that takes the origin from sunlight.
It comes up from the dispersion of white light which breaks down into ROYGBIV as the name connotes which simply implies – red, orange, yellow, green, blue indigo and violet.
Colours are classified into six categories.
(1)Primary
(2)Secondary
(3)Intermediate
(4)Tertiary
(5)Complimentary and
(6)Harmonious colours.
Primary: There are three primary colours viz; red, yellow and blue. They are so called because they are the only colour or pigments that cannot be obtained by mixing an other colour together. All other colours may be obtained form them by mixing various proportions of the primary colours.
Secondary: When two primary colours are mixed in equal proportion, a different hue or colour is obtained. This is called a secondary or binary colour e.g. red mixed with yellow gives orange, red mixes with blue gives violet, while yellow mixed with blue gives green are secondary colours.
Tertiary: When two secondary colours are mixed proportionally the colour is called a tertiary. Tertiary yellow is smoke yellow tertiary blue is slaking blue and tertiary red is the colour of old red brick.
Tertiary yellow is to mixture of green and orange
Intermediate: When a primary and neighboring secondary colour are mixed, an intermediate hue results. In appearance the intermediate colour is half way between the two colours. The six intermediates hues are yellow-green, purple-blue, red-purple, red-orange and yellow-orange.
Complementary: Any mixture of two primary colours is a complementary of the third e.g. when blue and yellow are mixed the resultant colour is green, the third primary (red) is therefore complimentary to green.
Harmonious Colour: Colours that go well together seem to belong to one family group because they share a common basic colour.
These colours lie side by side in the colour wheel and can be combined harmoniously because of the basic colour they share e.g. yellow is the common colour between green and orange.
These colours could still be group under warm and cool colours.
In pigment colour circle warmth colours can be identify as red, yellow-green,yellow-orange etc. they convey the feeling of warmth which seems to advance – brighter, while the cool colours in pigment mixture circle seem to retreat to the eye and generally seem higher than warm colours. They are blue-green, purple-blue, blue-green etc.
Many architects, painters, designers and of course artists are thus seeing colour as an integral part of their job that needs careful selection for expressing the characteristics of their buildings. Their work is remarkable for two things: -
(1)The wide range of colour used and
(2)The imaginative use of strong colours.
Daily work can be made enjoyable when the colour scheme is positive rather than negative or neutral element in the environment.
One of the powerful deterrent or failure to the general adoption of a more positive use of colour is the knowledge that when the colours mishandled, it can be a source of discomfort instead of pleasure, and that the stronger the colour used, the greater the danger.
That is the more reason while the medical director of Elegbeleye specialist hospital – Ikosi, Ketu, Lagos professor Olufemi O. Elegbeleye (professor of medicine, consultant physician, consultant angiologist, specialist in chest diseases) proposed to apply some colours to give a natural treatment to some patients e.g. especially warm colour in some area for people with pneumonia and general cold related diseases. Also to be provided some area with cold colours for patient with high blood pressure and hypertension. Not only that, the general treatment of the hospital premises with brighter and fascinating colours coupled with exaultic grouping of the functional spaces brings happiness and enhancing the healing of the patients.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION: Health they said is wealth. It is the major needs of man as feeding and clothing. It is even more important than the latter (feeding/clothing) because these depend on good health. If there is no good health the latter are to no avail, which implies that health is a basic and fundamental requisite for wealth. Without good health man will not be able to perform his fundamental right be it physical, mental, social,spiritual, scientific or otherwise.
Health is defined by health organization as a complete state of physical, mental and social well being not necessarily the absences of disease or infirmity and a place where health is being care for is called HOSPITAL.
According to American HOSPITAL association, Hospital is being defined as an establishment with an organized medical staff, permanent facilities that include physician and nursing services to provide diagnosis and treatment for patients who have a variety of surgical and non-surgical medical condition.
Today’s hospital however is broading its product base by increasing its emphasis on outpatient and educational services to the community. These shifts have arisen from economic pressure within the healthcare industry to lower the cost of healthcare. The provision of care on an outpatient basis and the promotion of healthful life styles through education are believed to contribute significantly to lowering these cost. The result has been significant change in hospital facilities, which are integrating acute in patient and out patient and educational services into a single environment that is functional and economical.
1.1CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITALS
Hospital may be classified by a variety of descriptors in the followings, which include ownership, type of care, length of patient stay, teaching or non-teaching facility and osteopathic or non osteopathic.
(1)Categories of ownership or control hospital are of two types
a).Typically control – is classified as government or voluntary organization e.g. Churches and Community. These are purposely not for profits.
b).Investors owned – Basically for profit.
1.2LEVEL OF HEALTHCARE
The type of healthcare offered may be described in terms of the level or intensity of care provided by these institutions. These are generally categorized as primary, secondary and tertiary care depending on the concept of increasing specialization.
Primary care is associated with entry level medical assessment practice, family practice, pediatrics, obstetrics and internal medicine provide the majority of primary care private offices or hospitals outpatient department.
Secondary care are broadly provided in, most community hospitals includes the general range of sub specialists in medicine and surgery.
Tertiary care refers to the highest level of specialization and technical care, such as complex neuron surgery, cardiac surgery, organic transplantation or neutral intensive care. Some secondary and most tertiary care are provided on the basis of referrals from the primary or secondary level.
1.3STUDY AREA: An Over - View.
Elegbeleye specialist hospital is being proposed as a secondary level category hospital by a protaginst of medicine. The medical director: - Professor Olufemi O. Elegbeleye Professor of Medicine, Consultant Physician, Consultant angiologist, specialist in chest disease, one time medical director of Luth. (Lagos University Teaching Hospital).
The hospital is to be of two story building to be sited at the Oluyombo by Ekiti street in Ikosi area Ketu Lagos State.
The hospital basically is to satisfy the design consideration of such hospital of its level- that is, it provides with the out patient (OPD) acute/ intensive (IPD) diagnostic/therapeutic and administrative developments.
The out patient department, reception/registration, Pharmacy, medical laboratory, medical record, radiology, theater, consultation and medical director office’s are in the ground floor. 50 bed wards are in the first floor ,while the administrative section are in the last floor. As earlier stipulated, the proposed hospital is to enhance the treatment of some diseases with colour selection. The entire hospital building is to be treated with brighter colour of cream in the external parts. The OPD, the reception/registration, the medial laboratories, all to be treated with cream colour.
Some wards are to be treatment with cool colours of blue outside and green inside for the treatment of high blood pressure and hypertension, while some area are to be treated with warm colour of yellow and cream for treatment of pneumonia and cold related diseases. In all, the harmonious application of colourful paints enhance the happiness and healing to the patient and comfortability to the workers.
1.4MOTIVATION FOR THE PROJECT
The greatest motivation of this project was generated from the fact that Ikosi community lacks such health facilities of secondary magnitude, and it is a fast growing community, as health care is one of the most environmental amenities, it must be given a priority in any settlement.
1.5Aim & Objectives:
This project is aimed at designing a befitting specialist hospital for the protagonist of medicine – professor Olufemi O. Elegbeleye-professor of medicine, consultant physician, consultant angiologist, specialist in chest diseases – one-time medical director of luth at Ikosi – Ketu, to serve the Ikosi people and its suburb.
The objectives set out to achieve this aims are as viz.
To design a good hospital with well located facilities o cater for he health need of Ikosi people and its suburb.
To ensure its proper location in terms of proximity and accessibility within a short distance to all the users.
To design a better hospital that could weathered the climatic condition of coastal region of Lagos and alluring land shape in seating a healthy environment around the facility.
To bring to with in people proximity and availability health facilities in line with the government health care program in humanization (EPI), health for all by the year 2000 etc.
To eliminate conflict of operation particularly in the care reduce the risk of cross dissimilar function as well as infection in zoning of various unit in the center.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
As earlier stipulated, the building/house where the medical health care is provided is called Hospital.
Hospital as the name connotes was derived form French word called HOSPITALE meaning hostel or hotel. This word was as well derived form a Latin word HOSPES meaning host or guest. Knowles in his article on “THE HOSPITAL” in life, death and medicine, documented the following paraphrased account of the history of Hospital. In actual fact early HOSPITAL was originated form ancient Egypt as temple of healing. It was called the sick house in Israel and public Hospital in Buddhildst Indian. By the early Scandinavias in the far north and the oriental (Asians) and Muslins in the far east, it was their customary way of offering hospitality to travelers inform of food, shelter and nursing care for the sick. This custom was moved west ward into the Mediterranean area as population increases.
As narrated in the Encyclopedia of Architectural design, Engineering and Construction by Joseph A. Wilkes vol.2 that the advent of Christianity established the modern Hospital system. In 325 A.D. The council of NICAEN instructed Bishops to establish Hospitals in every CATHEDRA CITY.
Constantine the Great: The first Christian emperor of Rome ordered the closure of pegan temples of healing in 335A.D.
Also that, through thirteen century, hospitals or hostel for the sick people were established, where Monks practice medicine. Only the destitute, weary and hopeless diseased were accepted in the hospital. Apothecaries and blood letting surgeons were practice in private homes. Joseph A. Wilkes also in his book of encyclopedia of architectural design engineering and construction vol. 2pp. 275 – 285 explained further that in 1535 monastic support of hospitals was suppressed in England. Some time later, the two major monastic hospital in London – St Bartholomew’s and St Thomas re – opened as secular hospitals providing the only hospital service to the populace. By 1790 their admissions due to over crowding, were limited to curable patient only. This step represented the beginning of a curative role to be assumed by the hospital and the beginning of other forms of health care institution of the dying, destitute or insane. The first voluntary and privately owned hospitals which was established in London in 1721, was THOMAS GUY HOSPITAL. In 19th and 20th century only nursing care for the sick people were provided in the hospitals. The quality of the care was dismal with patient at risk of contracting diseases from others in the hospital. Later in 19th century, under the influence of FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE nursing care practices were improved and hospitals began at last to benefit patients.
Nightingale wrote (4) “1 use the word nursing for want of better” it has been limited to signify little more than the administration of medicines and the application poultices. It ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet and the proper selection and administration of diet= all at the least expense of vital power to the patient. This period also saw the advent of teaching hospital in England to promote growth in medical knowledge and specialization. Hospital developed in United States in direct relation to growth of cities. Urbanization and concentration of the need for patient care and medical teaching and research stimulated of hospitals. In 1771 New York hospital was established in association with the schools of medicine at columbia university and later Cornell university. In1811 Massachusettes general hospital was established and afflicated with Harvard University School of medicine.
In fact, the medical technology began to expand rapidly with he two world. Most thoracic surgery was practiced in the two world wars.. Most thoracic surgery was practiced in the 1930s and with antibiotic breakthrough such as penicillin and sulfanilamide; surgery in general virtually exploded. The concept of the surgical suite increased in sophistication and intensive care unit emerged. With the new development in radiological x-ray and other sophisticated equipment in medical line those aided to development of medicine to its present status today (Joseph A. Wilkes – Encyclopedia of Architectural Design, Engineering and Construction vol. 2pp. 275-285.
2.2 THE EVOLUTION OF HEALTH SERVICES IN NIGERIA
The evolution of health care services in Nigeria could be categorized into three main sub-headings viz – pre colonial, colonial and post colonial health services.
2.3PRE – COLONIAL
Before the advent of missionaries and colonialists to Nigeria the traditional healing was being practiced. Some of these practices involved consultation with the ancestral spirit. Doctors of divinity and healers did the matching of the sick with the appropriate niche in cosmology thus making a ritual diagnosis. The later prepare concoction with herbs and roots and administer such to the sick appropriate dosage.
2.4COLONIAL
By the time the Christian missionaries and colonialists advented into Nigeria, they changed their religion from traditional ways to Christianity and influenced their live in totality. Their mediocritic traditional ways of healing were not left behind, they introduced orthodox medicine.
2.5POST COLONIAL
When the missionaries and the colonialists settled down in Nigeria they firstly separated their residential apartments and quickly established health care to tackle the spread of malaria fever which was an acute infections disease by then. The few health care centers established by them were located in their business operational areas. The first set of organized health care services were established by Christian missionary societies and later Government health care services were also established.
2.6THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HEALTH POLICY
As a result of the inadequate health care system in Nigeria in which about 75% of the total population does not have health care, the third national development plan (1975 – 1980) initiated plan to arrest the situation.
The federal government in the plan made provision for “the promotion of health for the people of the country, the prevention of illness and freestone personnel and community health service in order to cover the people appropriately the removal of pains, suffering and deformities as well as restoration of health enabling individuals to achieve personal, social, cultural and economic goals, as well as the rehabilitation of individual citizens to the level of health which enable him or her to enjoy and maintain a good living standard as well as rightful place within the country”. These government policies have been expressed through institutions and programmes.
Recently emphasis on health has been on community health development as was initiated and championed by the late professor Olukoye – Ran some Kuti – as a health minister.
The development of Rural Health Centers, Immunization programmes, the fight against HIV/AIDS and lately the federal government fight against fake and substandard drugs and unwholesome food product, the National drug Revolving Programmes are all part of the governments extension on the health policy.