Dhaka Community Hospital
Two-months study of Dugwell water
Jabed Yousuf,Golam Mostofa,Altab Elahi,
Ariful Islam, Sakila Afroz Joya
Golam Mahiuddin, Mahmuder Rahman,
Quazi Quamruzzaman
Dhaka Community Hospital, 190/1, Baro Moghbazar, Wireless Railgate,
Dhaka-1217, Bangladesh
Name of the Experiment: Bacteriological Analysis of Dugwell water sample (from July to August 2006)
Background:
Arsenic contamination of drinking water in Bangladesh is a major catastrophe. Therefore, Dhaka Community Hospital (DCH) has introduced sanitary, arsenic-free dugwells in Pabna District of Bangladesh as a safe water option. DCH encourages the use of surface water as much as possible because continuous extraction of groundwater resulted in severe lowering of the groundwater level. Use of dugwell is therefore, an option. The reason for selection of Pabna region was that nearly all tubewells in several villages showed excessive levels of arsenic. In total 91.
Dugwells were installed in areas that are highly contaminated with arsenic. In 27 of the wells Water from dugwell is pumped up to overhead tank with a capacity of 3000 L and then supplied to various households through a plastic water-supply pipe or to some places arranged by the community for easy collection. About 40-50 households are connected with a single main supply line.
The quality of water was maintained according to sanitary guidelines of WHO and the possible bacteriological contamination was measured. The greatest risk to human health is from faecal contamination of water supplies. The most important aspect of analysis is therefore to determine whether the faecal contamination is present. Bacteriological analysis of water can confirm whether a water supply has been faecally contaminated.
Soon after the wells were constructed, in 2001 to 2003, the water samples from all wells were analyzed for coliform bacteria. A Delagua Kit, designed at the University of Surrey, was used to measure the faecal coliform where membrane lauryl sulphate broth was used as a media. Faecal Coliforms (sometimes called thermotolerant coliform organisms or E. coli) are the most appropriate indicators of faecal pollution. Other parameters like pH, Turbidity and Electric Conductivity were also measured. The pH can affect the efficiency of chlorine disinfections. Testing for turbidity or cloudiness of the water can be important in determining whether a water supply is acceptable. The samples showed uniformly low levels of coliform as reported earlier and in a peer reviewed publication (Joya et al., 2006). In 2005 questions arose concerning the reliability of the low measurements. Some tests were conducted in 2005 to 2006 which showed very high levels on some tests but low on others. These results, reported in Joya et al in proof, threw doubt on the whole DCH procedure. It seems probable that the original tests were conducted just after cleaning and sterilizing each well with lime.
It was postulated that bacteria levels rose after cleaning to high levels. At the same time it was noted that DCH had not used chlorine to clean the wells. Yet chlorine is an internationally accepted and encouraged procedure. Moreover in West Bengal, Dr Meera Hira-Smith (Hira-Smith et al.2007) and others had installed about 40 dug wells using similar procedures to those of DCH but also had added chlorine. This stimulated us to discover whether adding ca chlorine compound would reduce the bacteria to satisfactory levels. A much more intensive procedure was adopted of testing a sample of 20 wells every day for a month. The water samples were tested before and after adding chlotech (Sodium hypo Chloride; NaOcl) for 2 months (July and to August 2006.).
Method of Sample Collection:
Samples were collected in plastic bottles that have been cleaned and rinsed carefully, given a final rinse with de-ionized or distilled water and sterilized properly. Samples were collected that was representative of the water being tested; sample ports were flushed or disinfected and aseptic techniques were used to avoid sample contamination. Sampling bottles were kept closed until it is to be filled. After removing stopper or cap, the containers were filled with water and the caps were replaced immediately in order to avoid contamination as much as possible.
Chlotech Dose:
The amount of chlotech added in dugwell water was 0.2 ml/L.(millitre of Chlotech per Litre of well water)
Results:
In the month of July (Fig 1), before adding clotech the number of Faecal coliform in all the dugwell water samples were high according to the Probability table (by McCrady), which were extremely high (180+) in DWP3, DWP10, DWP34. After adding chlotech, the number of Faecal coliform in the dugwell water samples decreased to satisfactory level <10 (0-7) and the level remained low (<10) up to 23 days in most of the dugwell water. Only the water samples of DW3 and DW7 showed higher faecal coliform in 13 days, which were 31 and 12, respectively. However, the number was increased to unsatisfactory level >10 after 23 days and reached from 50 to 180+ in the water samples of all dugwells at the end of the month.
In the month of August (Fig 2), chlotech was added again in all the dugwells and before adding chlotech the number of faecal coliform was measured which showed higher values (90 to 180+) according to the Probability table (by McCrady) in all the water samples. The number again decreased to <10 after adding chlotech in the water samples of all dugwells although DWP8, DWP10, DWP29 and DWP34 still showed higher values only on the first day after chlotech addition. The number of faecal coliform remained <10 (0 to 8) up to 22 to 23 days in most of the dugwell water. Only the water samples of DWP2, DWP29 and DWP34 showed higher faecal coliform in 15 to 18 days, which were 25, 20 and 12, respectively. However, the number was increased to unsatisfactory level >10 after 23 days and reached from 35 to 180+ in the water samples of all dugwells at the end of the month.
X X
X X
Y
X X
X X
XX
Note: X axis Represent No of days & Y axis Represent level of coliform
Fig 1: Faecal coliforms count in water samples of 10 dugwells (DWP2, DWP3, DWP6, DWP7, DWP8, DWP10, DWP21, DWP29, DWP34, and DWP66) of Pabna district in the month of July. Faecal coliform was measured before and after adding chlotech.
Faecal coliform (chlotech -), ● Faecal coliform (chlotech +)
XX
XX
XX
X X
XX
Note: X axis Represent No of days & Y axis Represent level of coliform
Fig 2: Faecal coliforms count in water samples of 10 dugwells (DWP2, DWP3, DWP6, DWP7, DWP8, DWP10, DWP21, DWP29, DWP34, and DWP66) of Pabna district in the month of August. Faecal coliform was measured before and after adding chlotech.
Faecal coliform (chlotech -), ● Faecal coliform (chlotech +).
Table 1a: Measurement of pH and EC in water samples of 10 dugwells of Pabna District before and after adding chlotech in the month of July, 2006. According to WHO Guideline the satisfactory level for pH is 6.50-8.50 and EC is 0-850 s.
No. of days / Dugwell 2 / Dugwell 3 / Dugwell 6 / Dugwell 7 / Dugwell 8pH / EC / pH / EC / pH / EC / pH / EC / pH / EC
7.03 / 745 / 8.35 / 320 / 6.81 / 837 / 7.21 / 853 / 6.84 / 447
9.73 / 968 / 8.35 / 798 / 6.81 / 863 / 7.21 / 1003 / 6.53 / 892
7.78 / 713 / 6.98 / 856 / 6.65 / 765 / 6.74 / 531 / 6.67 / 801
7.21 / 720 / 6.83 / 386 / 6.59 / 498 / 6.81 / 478 / 6.84 / 811
7.05 / 632 / 6.71 / 802 / 6.59 / 412 / 6.74 / 632 / 7.01 / 403
6.86 / 682 / 6.67 / 472 / 6.82 / 462 / 6.68 / 623 / 6.98 / 829
7.25 / 452 / 6.74 / 682 / 6.61 / 421 / 6.8 / 321 / 7.06 / 718
7.08 / 521 / 7.41 / 422 / 6.54 / 501 / 6.73 / 442 / 6.93 / 356
6.73 / 469 / 7.22 / 618 / 6.59 / 510 / 6.63 / 452 / 6.74 / 712
6.81 / 532 / 6.94 / 472 / 6.62 / 326 / 6.72 / 340 / 6.68 / 352
6.63 / 363 / 6.73 / 358 / 6.59 / 491 / 6.61 / 320 / 6.53 / 365
6.58 / 424 / 6.69 / 432 / 6.71 / 622 / 6.59 / 462 / 6.74 / 396
7.05 / 602 / 6.73 / 523 / 7.14 / 303 / 6.64 / 378 / 6.68 / 316
6.53 / 425 / 6.82 / 398 / 6.92 / 324 / 6.67 / 325 / 6.43 / 412
6.32 / 378 / 6.65 / 362 / 6.59 / 412 / 6.87 / 612 / 6.55 / 402
6.51 / 399 / 6.59 / 430 / 6.64 / 322 / 7.42 / 456 / 6.82 / 385
6.66 / 303 / 6.75 / 425 / 6.84 / 301 / 7.2 / 255 / 7.31 / 246
6.53 / 388 / 6.61 / 362 / 6.6 / 280 / 6.87 / 274 / 6.92 / 419
7.11 / 302 / 6.52 / 290 / 7.24 / 264 / 6.81 / 402 / 6.73 / 512
6.61 / 381 / 6.65 / 502 / 6.94 / 342 / 6.56 / 618 / 6.84 / 526
6.58 / 358 / 6.9 / 290 / 6.71 / 402 / 6.82 / 417 / 6.66 / 368
6.89 / 412 / 6.63 / 325 / 6.58 / 271 / 6.74 / 254 / 7.28 / 310
6.67 / 365 / 6.58 / 301 / 6.69 / 402 / 6.71 / 325 / 6.89 / 268
6.5 / 364 / 6.63 / 518 / 6.72 / 364 / 6.64 / 398 / 7.02 / 425
7.21 / 345 / 7.32 / 258 / 7.25 / 357 / 6.98 / 463 / 6.58 / 359
6.56 / 519 / 6.84 / 361 / 6.91 / 425 / 6.57 / 528 / 6.64 / 426
6.64 / 356 / 6.58 / 268 / 6.52 / 301 / 6.68 / 329 / 6.74 / 245
6.54 / 235 / 6.41 / 422 / 6.38 / 331 / 6.67 / 256 / 6.84 / 325
6.67 / 425 / 6.65 / 617 / 6.45 / 269 / 6.59 / 263 / 6.82 / 420
6.78 / 321 / 6.8 / 422 / 6.59 / 259 / 6.61 / 243 / 6.31 / 351
Table 1b: Measurement of pH and EC in water samples of 10 dugwells of Pabna District before and after adding chlotech in the month of July, 2006. According to WHO Guideline the satisfactory level for pH is 6.50-8.50 and EC is 0-850 s.
No. of days / Dugwell 10 / Dugwell 21 / Dugwell 29 / Dugwell 34 / Dugwell 66pH / EC / pH / EC / pH / EC / pH / EC / pH / EC
6.76 / 847 / 8.01 / 596 / 7.03 / 340 / 6.58 / 894 / 6.45 / 847
6.67 / 749 / 8.21 / 698 / 7.09 / 896 / 6.24 / 926 / 6.21 / 911
7.02 / 789 / 7.21 / 632 / 6.57 / 523 / 6.84 / 498 / 6.61 / 619
6.78 / 702 / 7.12 / 625 / 6.61 / 469 / 6.94 / 581 / 6.66 / 642
6.8 / 512 / 7.07 / 781 / 6.65 / 422 / 6.72 / 571 / 6.57 / 413
7.02 / 542 / 6.74 / 702 / 6.71 / 703 / 6.66 / 692 / 6.73 / 642
7.18 / 412 / 7.32 / 681 / 6.84 / 802 / 6.54 / 320 / 6.61 / 713
6.86 / 581 / 7.24 / 603 / 6.77 / 402 / 6.71 / 381 / 6.52 / 336
7.21 / 702 / 7.01 / 463 / 7.11 / 312 / 6.85 / 427 / 6.64 / 602
6.85 / 426 / 6.76 / 492 / 6.73 / 462 / 6.71 / 525 / 6.68 / 381
6.5 / 427 / 6.64 / 727 / 6.83 / 302 / 6.74 / 301 / 6.91 / 601
6.83 / 482 / 6.69 / 391 / 6.73 / 601 / 6.64 / 423 / 6.93 / 416
6.73 / 412 / 7.01 / 326 / 6.83 / 525 / 6.72 / 312 / 6.61 / 370
6.62 / 339 / 6.95 / 399 / 6.74 / 364 / 6.38 / 325 / 6.57 / 421
6.81 / 382 / 7.05 / 523 / 7.11 / 326 / 6.64 / 427 / 6.72 / 611
6.55 / 266 / 6.92 / 371 / 6.91 / 453 / 6.53 / 617 / 6.57 / 354
6.82 / 401 / 6.74 / 370 / 6.62 / 398 / 6.63 / 486 / 6.82 / 431
7.22 / 369 / 7.36 / 608 / 7.01 / 410 / 6.94 / 255 / 6.62 / 303
6.61 / 361 / 6.67 / 317 / 6.91 / 315 / 6.68 / 294 / 6.9 / 299
6.58 / 324 / 6.59 / 256 / 6.71 / 301 / 7.35 / 356 / 7.05 / 384
6.9 / 348 / 6.84 / 333 / 7.25 / 298 / 6.99 / 301 / 6.57 / 472
7.21 / 482 / 6.91 / 360 / 7.25 / 380 / 7.01 / 247 / 6.54 / 360
6.81 / 472 / 6.78 / 293 / 6.63 / 286 / 6.51 / 325 / 6.61 / 296
6.68 / 369 / 6.62 / 410 / 6.97 / 456 / 6.7 / 376 / 6.83 / 503
6.5 / 348 / 6.57 / 415 / 6.71 / 365 / 7.01 / 419 / 6.69 / 315
6.66 / 321 / 6.71 / 256 / 7.21 / 412 / 6.99 / 429 / 6.54 / 601
6.69 / 499 / 7.2 / 362 / 6.94 / 351 / 6.56 / 405 / 6.57 / 589
6.47 / 342 / 6.95 / 315 / 6.61 / 321 / 6.62 / 298 / 6.68 / 254
6.59 / 325 / 6.61 / 441 / 6.63 / 320 / 6.74 / 521 / 6.52 / 258
6.68 / 512 / 7.21 / 312 / 7.2 / 250 / 6.8 / 325 / 6.71 / 350
Table 2a: Measurement of pH and EC in water samples of 10 dugwells of Pabna District before and after adding chlotech in the month of August, 2006. According to WHO Guideline the satisfactory level for pH is 6.50-8.50 and EC is 0-850 s.
No. of days / Dugwell 2 / Dugwell 3 / Dugwell 6 / Dugwell 7 / Dugwell 8pH / EC / pH / EC / pH / EC / pH / EC / pH / EC
7.03 / 745 / 8.35 / 320 / 6.81 / 837 / 7.21 / 853 / 6.84 / 447
7.89 / 975 / 8.23 / 892 / 6.97 / 863 / 7.12 / 1003 / 7.01 / 892
7.78 / 713 / 6.98 / 856 / 6.65 / 765 / 6.74 / 531 / 6.67 / 801
7.21 / 720 / 6.83 / 386 / 6.59 / 498 / 6.81 / 478 / 6.84 / 811
6.98 / 635 / 7.82 / 721 / 7.13 / 350 / 6.54 / 482 / 6.82 / 746
7.25 / 694 / 7.53 / 677 / 6.95 / 490 / 6.81 / 522 / 7.02 / 647
7.11 / 820 / 6.82 / 702 / 6.56 / 577 / 7.22 / 390 / 6.8 / 641
6.45 / 645 / 6.9 / 753 / 7.12 / 851 / 7.2 / 456 / 6.84 / 485
6.54 / 547 / 7.14 / 631 / 6.84 / 741 / 7.01 / 654 / 6.71 / 358
7.64 / 822 / 8.01 / 456 / 7.41 / 358 / 6.85 / 465 / 7.4 / 846
6.74 / 524 / 6.71 / 546 / 7.12 / 834 / 6.58 / 581 / 6.91 / 743
6.63 / 802 / 6.57 / 475 / 6.94 / 723 / 6.34 / 654 / 7.43 / 630
6.71 / 586 / 6.83 / 654 / 6.71 / 753 / 7.11 / 564 / 6.82 / 820
6.57 / 624 / 6.53 / 358 / 7.41 / 425 / 6.61 / 458 / 7.01 / 562
6.73 / 701 / 6.54 / 452 / 6.88 / 368 / 7.41 / 753 / 6.91 / 423
7.05 / 528 / 6.61 / 604 / 6.47 / 423 / 6.91 / 630 / 6.31 / 458
6.53 / 680 / 6.45 / 582 / 6.68 / 459 / 6.73 / 630 / 7.02 / 258
7.04 / 358 / 6.64 / 452 / 7.11 / 652 / 6.35 / 359 / 6.61 / 478
6.71 / 444 / 6.83 / 580 / 6.92 / 582 / 6.87 / 490 / 7.23 / 632
6.68 / 654 / 6.71 / 750 / 7.15 / 652 / 7.31 / 453 / 6.93 / 581
7.36 / 528 / 7.14 / 398 / 6.83 / 458 / 6.48 / 571 / 6.67 / 635
7.13 / 684 / 6.81 / 458 / 6.73 / 842 / 6.58 / 682 / 7.25 / 458
6.49 / 582 / 6.71 / 470 / 6.48 / 652 / 6.98 / 478 / 6.81 / 523
6.69 / 824 / 6.48 / 475 / 7.26 / 589 / 7.41 / 642 / 6.91 / 625
7.12 / 586 / 6.68 / 785 / 6.78 / 653 / 6.69 / 458 / 7.25 / 369
7.12 / 805 / 6.68 / 706 / 6.78 / 620 / 6.69 / 580 / 7.25 / 609
6.65 / 725 / 6048 / 654 / 7.25 / 365 / 7.36 / 459 / 6.94 / 587
6.58 / 589 / 7.31 / 654 / 6.59 / 458 / 6.78 / 694 / 6.64 / 504
6.58 / 698 / 7.31 / 589 / 6.59 / 587 / 6.78 / 560 / 6.64 / 682
6.94 / 458 / 6.48 / 369 / 6.73 / 456 / 7.26 / 357 / 7.51 / 452
7.01 / 357 / 6.69 / 639 / 6.89 / 546 / 6.84 / 573 / 6.74 / 541
Table 2b: Measurement of pH and EC in water samples of 10 dugwells of Pabna District before and after adding chlotech in the month of August, 2006. According to WHO Guideline the satisfactory level for pH is 6.50-8.50 and EC is 0-850 s.
No. of Days / Dugwell 10 / Dugwell 21 / Dugwell 29 / Dugwell 34 / Dugwell 66pH / EC / pH / EC / pH / EC / pH / EC / pH / EC
6.76 / 847 / 8.01 / 596 / 7.03 / 340 / 6.58 / 894 / 6.45 / 847
7.02 / 719 / 7.59 / 698 / 7.45 / 896 / 6.35 / 926 / 6.54 / 911
7.02 / 789 / 7.21 / 632 / 6.57 / 523 / 6.84 / 498 / 6.61 / 619
6.78 / 702 / 7.12 / 625 / 6.61 / 469 / 6.94 / 581 / 6.66 / 642
6.73 / 850 / 8.02 / 743 / 7.05 / 654 / 6.45 / 391 / 6.31 / 478
6.71 / 789 / 8.26 / 805 / 7.12 / 712 / 6.7 / 456 / 6.99 / 358
6.66 / 589 / 7.43 / 710 / 7.01 / 699 / 7.14 / 741 / 6.58 / 654
6.35 / 654 / 6.45 / 841 / 6.81 / 702 / 7.23 / 634 / 7.2 / 741
6.83 / 741 / 7.43 / 654 / 6.6 / 685 / 6.7 / 713 / 6.54 / 654
7.31 / 471 / 6.51 / 465 / 6.31 / 586 / 6.47 / 357 / 6.85 / 456
6.74 / 654 / 6.85 / 753 / 6.64 / 685 / 7.11 / 452 / 7.05 / 368
6.74 / 523 / 7.11 / 471 / 7.23 / 560 / 7.01 / 434 / 6.75 / 568
6.91 / 756 / 6.62 / 562 / 7.13 / 452 / 6.91 / 380 / 6.45 / 472
7.32 / 701 / 6.92 / 621 / 6.85 / 534 / 6.54 / 480 / 6.58 / 631
6.45 / 358 / 6.58 / 520 / 6.61 / 735 / 7.52 / 645 / 7.22 / 502
6.38 / 380 / 7.23 / 475 / 7.41 / 289 / 6.74 / 354 / 6.93 / 425
6.58 / 478 / 6.47 / 569 / 6.81 / 325 / 7.12 / 452 / 6.58 / 365
6.48 / 563 / 6.91 / 632 / 7.25 / 486 / 7.06 / 534 / 6.68 / 478
7.51 / 701 / 6.58 / 369 / 6.75 / 581 / 6.38 / 654 / 6.64 / 390
6.88 / 325 / 6.73 / 648 / 7.25 / 521 / 6.65 / 456 / 7.15 / 412
6.71 / 486 / 7.31 / 524 / 7.12 / 639 / 6.59 / 842 / 6.61 / 589
7.32 / 654 / 6.98 / 658 / 6.84 / 470 / 6.67 / 452 / 6.98 / 369
6.71 / 398 / 7.25 / 571 / 6.7 / 589 / 7.34 / 680 / 6.98 / 369
6.58 / 478 / 7.11 / 523 / 6.51 / 698 / 6.72 / 741 / 6.68 / 684
6.98 / 658 / 6.75 / 589 / 6.697 / 574 / 6.81 / 631 / 6.85 / 298
6.98 / 521 / 6.75 / 630 / 6.697 / 456 / 6.81 / 589 / 6.85 / 658
6.58 / 690 / 6.89 / 740 / 7.34 / 458 / 7.45 / 490 / 6.61 / 598
6.82 / 780 / 7.02 / 630 / 7.01 / 598 / 6.93 / 630 / 6.78 / 459
6.82 / 690 / 7.02 / 458 / 7.01 / 369 / 6.93 / 450 / 6.78 / 459
6.82 / 365 / 6.71 / 652 / 6.83 / 452 / 6.57 / 357 / 6.81 / 459
6.54 / 635 / 7.12 / 521 / 7.25 / 563 / 6.68 / 587 / 6.81 / 459
In the month of July (Table 1a and 1b), the pH and EC values of the water samples of 10 dugwells were in the range of WHO guideline before and after adding chlotech up to 30 days. However, on the first day after adding chlotech DWP2 showed higher pH values (9.73) and DWP2, DWP7, DWP34 and DWP66 showed higher EC values (968, 1003, 926 and 911, respectively). Turbidity values of the water samples of 10 dugwells were <5 up to 30 days.
In the month of August (Table 2a and 2b), the pH and EC values of the water samples of 10 dugwells were in the range of WHO guideline before and after adding chlotech up to 30 days. However, on the first day after adding chlotech DWP2, DWP3, DWP7, DWP8, DWP29, DWP34 and DWP66 showed higher EC values (975, 892, 1003, 892, 896, 926 and 911, respectively). Turbidity values of the water samples of 10 dugwells were <5 up to 30 days.
Discussion:
The results showed that the chlorination recede the initial level of fecal coliform to satisfactory levels according to WHO Guidelines. Then the levels stayed low in the water samples of 10 dugwells up to 23 days after adding chlotech in the month of July which was safe for drinking. After 23 days there were some bacterial growth, which increased the number to an unsatisfactory level according to the WHO guideline. The satisfactory level of fecal coliform was found again after addition of chlotech in the next month, which also remained safe up to 23 days. Therefore, it was observed from the result of 10 dugwells that the water remained safe for drinking up to 23 days. The water samples were tested before and after adding chlotech. Considerable amounts of coliform bacteria were found in dugwells before adding chlotech.
Although this was a limited sample, in a limited time period (monsoon) in a specific area (Pabna region) the consistency of the results in these wells suggests very strongly that regular chlorination at least every 3 weeks can successfully keep the bacteria level low. The risk will be at the lower limit of the rilsk estimated for a sample of dugwells of all types published in their figure 2, by Howard et al. (2006). We are making such recommendations to the custodians of every well with which DCH has been concerned.
Acknowledgement
We tahnk Professor Richard Wilson, Department of Physics, Harvard University, USA, and President of the Arsenic Foundation Inc.for his encoragement and partial financial backing.
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