Name:Exam 3 – Urinary & Balance

1) Which of the following organs is not a part of the urinary system?

  1. kidneyB ureterC. vaginaD. urethraE. bladder

2) Which of the following organs is involved in filtering blood and reabsorbing nutrients from the filtrate?

A. kidneyB ureterC. vaginaD. urethraE. bladder

3) ___ is not a function of the kidneys.

A. Clearing nitrogenous wastes from the bloodB. Producing hormones

C. Removing CO2D. Maintaining acid/base balance

4) Which of the following hormones is not produced by the kidneys?

A. AldosteroneB. Renin C. Erythropoietin D. calcitrol

5) The functional units of the kidneys are ___.

A. nephronsB. proximal tubulesC. distal tubules

D. collecting ductsE. loop of Henle

6) Which is connected to many nephrons but not considered a component of any individual nephron.

A. afferent arteriolesB. proximal tubulesC. collecting ducts

7) Which portion of the tubular system reabsorbs the majority of nutrients in tubular fluid?

A. proximal tubuleB. loop of Henle (nephron loop)C. distal tubule

8) Which portion of the tubular system plays the most important role in generating the extracellular osmotic gradient in renal medulla?

A. proximal tubuleB. loop of Henle (nephron loop)C. distal tubule

9) Which cannot normally pass through glomerular filtration membranes?

A. NaClB. most plasma proteinsC. ureaD. glucose

10) Which of the following is the correct route of blood flow in the kidneys?

  1. renal artery  …  afferent arteriole  glomerulus  efferent arteriole  peritubular capillary  … renal vein
  2. renal artery  …  efferent arteriole  glomerulus  afferent arteriole  peritubular capillary  … renal vein
  3. renal artery  …  glomerulus  afferent arteriole  efferent arteriole  peritubular capillary  … renal vein
  4. renal artery  …  afferent arteriole  peritubular capillary  glomerulus  efferent arteriole  … renal vein

11) An increased glomerular blood pressure will cause ___.

  1. an increase in glomerular filtration rateB. a decrease in glomerular filtration rate

C. no change in glomerular filtration rate

12) Glomerular filtration rate is normally ___ .

A. maintained constantB. highly variable

13) Glomerular filtration rate refers to _____.

  1. the blood flow into the two kidneys per minute
  2. the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys combined
  3. the amount of filtrate formed per minute by a single kidney

14) Which contains more nutrients?

A. glomerular filtrateB. tubular fluidC. urine

15) How much of the glomerular filtrate is usually reabsorbed?

A. 50%B. 66%C. 99%

16) Renal autoregulation aims to ____.

  1. stabilize glomerular filtration rate
  2. control reabsorption of filtrate by proximal tubules
  3. control reabsorption of filtrate by distal tubules

D. control reabsorption of filtrate by collecting ducts

17) Which is not one of the mechanisms of renal autoregulation?

A. myogenic responseB. baroreceptor-mediated reflex

C. tubuloglomerular feedback

18) Reabsorption of which nutrient in the tubular fluid depends on the reabsorption of sodium?

A. glucoseB. amino acidsC. Cl-D. all of A, B, and C

19) Solvent drag as a tubular reabsorption mechanism is driven by ___ concentration gradient between the tubular fluid and the blood in peritubular capillaries.

A. glucoseB. proteinC. sodium

20) What percent of nutrients in the filtrate is normally reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubules?

A. 50%B. 65%C. 75%D. 85%E 99%.

21) The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of all of the following except ___.

A. loop of Henle. B. juxtaglomerular cells

C. macula densa. D. mesangial cell

22) Nutrients in the filtrate are reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubules through ____.

A. transcellular route only B paracellular route only C. both of the above

D. neither of the above

23) Is there a limit in the amount of nutrients that renal tubules can reabsorb?

A. NoB. Yes

24) One purpose of tubular secretion is to excrete___.

A. excess waterB. excess H+C. hormones

25) Sodium pumps (Na+-K+ ATPase) actively transport Na+ from ____.

  1. intracellular space to extracellular space
  2. extracellular space to intracellular space

26) Electrostatic attraction is a mechanism primarily for the reabsorption of _____ in proximal convoluted tubules.

A. glucose. B. the negative ions such as chlorideC. amino acidsD. proteins

27) The unique property of the distal convoluted tubule is that ____.

  1. it reabsorbs two thirds of the filtrateB. it is the target of aldosterone and ANF

C. it helps establish a high extracellular osmotic concentration in renal medulla

D. it concentrates urine by reabsorbing water

28) Aldosterone has the effect of ____

  1. increasing reabsorption of sodium onlyB. increasing secretion of potassium only

C. both of the aboveD. neither of the above

29) The unique property of the collecting duct is that ____.

  1. it reabsorbs two thirds of the filtrateB. it is the target of aldosterone and ANF

C. it helps establish a high extracellular osmotic concentration in medulla

D. it concentrates urine by reabsorbing water

30) Permeablility of collecting duct to water is higher in the ____ of ADH.

A. presenceB. absence

31) Reabsorption of water in collecting duct is driven by ____.

  1. a high osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid in the medulla
  2. a high hydrostatic pressure of extracellular fluid in the medulla
  3. a high osmotic pressure of tubular fluid in the collecting duct
  4. a low osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid in the medulla

32) Which is high in normal urine?

A. nitrogenous wastesB. glucoseC. proteins

33) Oliguria refers to a urine volume ____.

A. higher than 2 liter/dayB. 1-2 liter/dayC. less than 400ml/day

34) Diabetes mellitus can be caused by ____.

  1. deficiency of insulin onlyB. deficiency of insulin receptors only

C. either deficiency of insulin or insulin receptorsD. none of the above

35) Patients of diabetes mellitus excrete abnormally high volume of urine because ____.

  1. the glomerular filtration rate is higher than normal
  2. the presence of glucose in tubular fluid increases the osmotic pressure of the tubular fluid and hinders the reabsorption of water
  3. insufficient amount of ADH is present
  4. water permeability of the collecting duct is increased

36) Which diabetes is caused by insufficient ADH?

A. diabetes insipidusB. diabetes mellitus

37) Some diuretics increase urine volume by ____.

  1. decreasing glomerular filtrationB. inhibiting sodium reabsorption

C. decreasing osmotic pressure of tubular fluid

38) Does the longer urethra in male have any advantage over female?

A. YesB. No

39) Many old male has difficulty in voiding urine because of ___.

A. urinary bladder failureB. prostate enlargementC. renal failure

40) Which of the muscles is under voluntary control in adults?

  1. internal urethral sphincterB. external urethral sphincter

C. both of the aboveD. neither of the above

41) Voiding urine is voluntarily controlled by ___.

A. the urinary bladderB. the spinal cordC. the pons

42) Which of the following is the most abundant component of human body in terms of weight?

  1. proteinB. lipid C. carbohydrateD. waterE. electrolytes

43) Which of the following compartments contains more water?

  1. intracellular fluidB. tissue fluidC. blood

44) Water movement between tissue fluid and intracellular fluid is determined mainly by ____.

  1. osmotic pressure contributed by electrolytes in tissue fluid and intracellular fluid
  2. hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid and intracellular fluid
  3. osmotic pressure contributed by proteins in tissue fluid and intracellular fluid

45) Water movement between the blood and tissue fluid is affected by ____.

  1. capillary blood pressureB. plasma colloid osmotic pressure

C. interstitium hydrostatic pressureD. interstitium colloid osmotic pressure

E. all of the above

46) Water is gained normally only from drink.

A. TrueB. False

47) Which of the following water loss is voluntarily regulated?

A. cutaneous evaporationB. respirationC. urineD. feces

48) Thirst is induced when ___.

A. blood volume increasesB. plasma osmolarity increases

49) Which hormone increases water loss?

A. ADHB. atrial natriuretic factor

50) Sodium concentration is ___ in extracellular fluid ___ in intracellular space.

A. higher/thanB. lower/thanC. the same/as

51) Aldosterone ___ plasma sodium and ___ plasma potassium.

A. increases/decreasesB. decreases/increasesC. increases/increases

52) Which of the following ions is needed for the synthesis of ATP?

  1. K+ B. Na+C. Ca++D. Cl- E. Phosphate

53) Which of the following ions is the most important contributor to resting membrane potential?

  1. K+ B. Na+C. Ca++D. Cl- E. Phosphate

54) Calcium is involved in ____.

  1. initiating muscle contractionB. signal transduction as a second messenger

C. initiating the release of neurotransmittersD. all of the above activities

55) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) ____.

  1. increases blood calcium concentrationB. decreases blood calcium concentration

C. increases blood phosphate concentrationD. decreases blood potassium concentration

56) The primary effect of calcitrol is to _____.

A. cause redistribution of calcium from bones to the blood

B. cause redistribution of calcium from the blood to bones

C. enhance intestinal absorption of calcium from food

57) When blood pH increases, ___.

A. the blood becomes more basicB. the blood becomes more acidic

58) The major buffer systems in human body include all of the following except ____.

  1. bicarbonate bufferB. phosphate buffer

C. protein buffer D. Tris buffer

59) Which of the following organs are not directly involved in acid base balance?

  1. kidneyB. liverC. lungs

60) Which mechanism can remove proton out of the body?

A. chemical buffersB. respiration C. kidneys D. all of A, B, and C

61) Normal blood pH is ~ ___.

A. 7.0B. 7.2C. 7.4D. 7.6

62) Respiratory acidosis can be caused most likely by ___.

A. emphysema B. diabetes mellitusC. chronic vomiting

63) Metabolic acidosis can be caused most likely by ___.

A. emphysema B. diabetes mellitusC. chronic vomiting

KEY

1C2A3C4A5A6C7A8B9B10A

11A12A13B14A15C16A17B18D19B20B

21A22C23B24B25A26B27B28C29D30A

31A32A33C34C35B36A37B38A39B40B

41C42D43A44A45E46B47C48B49B50A

51A52E53A54D55A56C57A58D59B60C

61C62A63B

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