NAME: DATE: Favorite Trait:
Genetics ReviewMr. Dardzinski
Choose the best answer and write the number of the choice on the answer blank.
___ 1. Even though the environment changes, a population that occupies a given geographic area will most likely continue to be found in this area if the
1. variations in the population decrease over time
2. members of the population decrease in number
3. members of the population exceed the carrying capacity
4. population passes on those genes that result in favorable adaptations
___ 2. A certain mutant bacterial cell cannot produce substance X.
The mutation was most likely the result of a change in the
1. structure of the cell membrane
2. ability of the DNA to replicate
3. amino acid sequence of DNA
4. gene that codes for a specific protein
___ 3. The accompanying diagram shows two different structures, 1 and 2, that are present in many single-cell organisms. Structure 1 contains protein A, but not protein B, and structure 2 contains protein B, but not protein A.
Which statement is correct concerning protein A and protein B?
1. Proteins A and B have different functions and different amino acid chains.
2. Proteins A and B have different functions but the same amino acid chains.
3. Proteins A and B have the same function but a different sequence of bases (A,C,T, and G).
4. Proteins A and B have the same function and the same sequence of bases (A,C,T, and G).
___ 4. Which statement best describes the result of some of the processes involved in genetic engineering?
1. They alter the arrangement of hereditary material.
2. They provide energy for mitosis and meiosis.
3. They are necessary for normal gamete formation.
4. They reduce variation in organisms that reproduce asexually.
___ 5. The gene for the production of human insulin is inserted into certain bacterial cells. The offspring of these bacterial cells will most likely be able to
1. destroy pathogens
2. reproduce sexually
3. synthesize this hormone
4. form human tissue
___ 6. The blood of newborn babies is tested to determine the presence of a certain substance. This substance indicates the genetic disorder PKU, which may result in mental retardation. Babies born with this disorder are put on a special diet so that mental retardation will not develop. In this situation, modification of the baby's diet is an example of how biological research can be used to
1. change faulty genes
2. cure a disorder
3. stimulate immunity
4. control a disorder
___ 7. The type of molecule represented in the accompanying diagram is found in organisms.
Which statement correctly describes the sequence of bases found in this type of molecule?
1. It changes every time it replicates.
2. It determines the characteristics that will be inherited.
3. It is exactly the same in all organisms.
4. It directly controls the synthesis of starch within a cell.
___ 8. The blood of newborn babies is tested to determine whether a certain substance is present. This substance indicates the presence of the disorder known as PKU, which may result in mental retardation. Babies with this disorder are put on a special diet to prevent mental retardation. In this situation, which action is usually taken first?
1. treating the expression of the disorder
2. preventing the expression of the disorder
3. controlling the disorder
4. diagnosing the disorder
___ 9. Which process is a common practice that has been used by farmers for hundreds of years to develop new plant and animal varieties?
1. cloning
2. genetic engineering
3. cutting DNA and removing segments
4. selective breeding for desirable traits
___ 10. "Dolly" is a sheep developed from an egg cell of her mother that had its nucleus replaced by a nucleus from a body cell of her mother. As a result of this technique, Dolly is
1. no longer able to reproduce
2. genetically identical to her mother
3. able to have a longer lifespan
4. unable to mate
___ 11. The diagram shown represents the organization of genetic information within a cell nucleus.
The circle labeled Z most likely represents
1. amino acids
2. chromosomes
3. vacuoles
4. molecular bases
___ 12. The process represented in the diagram is most closely associated with
1. protein synthesis
2. starch hydrolysis
3. gene replication
4. artificial selection
___ 13. Identical twins were born with genes for a genetic disorder that can be controlled by diet. Both twins were placed on this diet, which excludes a certain amino acid. However, one twin chose not to follow the diet and developed the genetic disorder. The other twin followed the diet and did not develop the disorder. This difference between the twins illustrates that
1. gene expression is not influenced by biochemical factors
2. identical twins do not always have the same genotype
3. gene expression is influenced by the environment
4. the genetic disorder is inherited by identical twins, only
___ 14. A mutation may be passed on to future generations if it occurs within specialized cells of the
1. stomach
2. liver
3. pancreas
4. ovary
___ 15. In fruit flies with the curly wing mutation, the wings will be straight if the flies are kept at 16°C, but curly if they are kept at 25°C. The most probable explanation for this is that
1. fruit flies with curly wings cannot survive at high temperatures
2. the environment influences wing phenotype in these fruit flies
3. high temperatures increase the rate of mutations
4. wing length in these fruit flies is directly proportional to temperature
Base your answers to questions 16 and 17 on the diagram and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents molecules involved in protein synthesis.
___ 16. Where do the chemical reactions that are coded for by molecule 2 take place?
1. in the vacuole
2. on the plasma membrane
3. in the lysosome
4. at ribosomes
___ 17. Base your answer on the diagram and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents molecules involved in protein synthesis. The building blocks of molecule 3 are known as
1. amino acids
2. DNA molecules
3. fatty acids
4. RNA molecules
___ 18. Some events that take place during the synthesis of a specific protein are listed below.
(A) Messenger RNA attaches to a ribosome.
(B) DNA serves as a template for RNA production.
(C) Transfer RNA bonds to a specific codon.
(D) Amino acids are bonded together.
(E) RNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
The correct order of these events is
1. B --> E --> A --> C --> D
2. D --> A --> E --> C --> B
3. B --> C --> E --> D --> A
4. C --> B --> A --> E --> D
___ 19. What is the complementary messenger-RNA sequence for the DNA sequence shown below?
1. C-A-A-G-G-U2. G-T-T-C-C-A
3. G-U-U-C-C-A4. C-A-A-G-G-T
___ 20. In a portion of a gene, the nitrogenous base sequence is T-C-G-A-A-T. Which nitrogenous base sequence would normally be found bonded to this section of the gene?
1. A-C-G-T-A-A2. A-C-G-U-U-A
3. A-G-C-T-T-A4. U-G-C-A-A-U
___ 21. Using special enzymes, scientists have successfully removed the gene that controls the production of interferon and have inserted this gene into the DNA of certain bacteria. These bacteria can now produce interferon. This technique is known as
1. amniocentesis
2. differentiation
3. genetic engineering
4. karyotyping
Use the information to answer questions 22 - 24.
For many generations, a particular species of snail has lived in an isolated pond. Some members of the species have light-colored shells and some have dark-colored shells. During this time, the species has been producing large numbers of offspring through random mating, and no migration has occurred. A change in the environment of the pond caused the light-colored shells to become an important survival trait, and the number of light-colored snails increased.
___22. This situation will most likely cause
1. the addition of a fifth nitrogenous base to the DNA of the snails
2. a change in the frequency of the genes for shell color
3. an increase in the number of ribosomes in the cells of the snail
4. the extinction of this species of snail
___ 23.The total of all the inheritable genes found in these snails is referred to as a
1. pedigree2. karyotype
3. phenotypic ratio4. gene pool
___ 24. All of the snails of this species living in the pond may be classified as
1. a population2. an ecosystem
3. a community4. a biome
___ 25. For many generations, a particular species of snail has lived in an isolated pond. Some members of the species have light-colored shells and some have dark-colored shells. During this time, the species has been producing large numbers of offspring through random mating, and no migration has occurred. Which additional condition must be present if the gene frequencies of these snails are to remain constant?
1. asexual reproduction
2. lack of mutations
3. genetic variation
4. common ancestry
___ 26. A DNA nucleotide may contain
1. deoxyribose, cytosine, and a lipid
2. deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group
3. ribose, uracil, and a polypeptide
4. ribose, adenine, and thymine
Base your answers to questions 27 and 28on the information and on your knowledge of biology.
Some geneticists are suggesting the possibility of transferring some of the genes that influence photosynthesis from an efficient variety of crop plant to a less efficient crop plant to produce a new variety with improved productivity.
___ 27. Which technique would most likely be used to produce large numbers of genetically identical offspring from this new variety of plant?
1. cloning2. karyotyping
3. cross-pollination4. chromatography
___ 28. To produce this new variety, the project would most likely involve
1. amniocentesis2. genetic screening
3. genetic engineering4. inbreeding
___ 29. In the synthesis of proteins, what is the function of messenger-RNA molecules?
1. They act as a template for the synthesis of DNA.
2. They carry information that determines the sequence of amino acids.
3. They remove amino acids from the nucleus.
4. They carry specific enzymes for dehydration synthesis.
Use the following four choices for questions 30 -33.
1. DNA molecules, only
2. RNA molecules, only
3. Both DNA and RNA molecules
4. Neither DNA nor RNA molecules
___ 30. Select the type of nucleic acid molecule that is best described by the following phrase:
may contain adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
___ 31. Select the type of nucleic acid molecule that is best described by the following phrase:
carry genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes.
___ 32. Select the type of nucleic acid molecule that is best described by the following phrase:
are present in the nucleus of the cell.
___ 33. Select the type of nucleic acid molecule that is best described by the following phrase:
consist of chains of nucleotides.
___ 34. When the bacterium Serratia marcescens is grown on a sterile culture medium in a petri dish at 30°C, the bacterial colonies will be cream colored. When this same bacterium is cultured under identical conditions, except at a temperature of 25°C, the colonies will be brick red. This difference in color is most likely due to the
1. type of nutrients in the culture medium
2. sterilization of the culture medium
3. effect of temperature on the expression of the gene for color
4. effect of colony size on the synthesis of color pigments
___ 35. Bacteria that produce colonies containing a red pigment were distributed on nutrient agar and exposed to ultraviolet light for several days. The colonies that developed were red, with the exception of one colony that was white. The appearance of this white bacterial colony most likely resulted from
1. a mutation2. codominance
3. synapsis4. multiple alleles
___ 36. A single change in the sequence of nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule would most likely result in
1. crossing-over
2. polyploidy
3. nondisjunction of chromosomes
4. a gene mutation
___ 37. Mutations can be transmitted to the next generation only if they are present in
1. brain cells2. sex cells
3. body cells4. muscle cells
___ 38. What is the role of DNA in controlling cellular activity?
1. DNA provides energy for all cell activities.
2. DNA determines which enzymes are produced by a cell.
3. DNA is used by cells for the excretion of nitrogenous wastes.
4. DNA provides nucleotides for the construction of plasma membranes.
___ 39. The arrangement of chromosomes in the diagram is a method used in the identification of
1. phenylketonuria2. blood type
3. Down syndrome4. hemophilia
___ 40. A man with blood type A and a woman with blood type B have a child with blood type O. The genotypes of the man, woman, and child, respectively, must be
1. IAi, IBIB, ii2. IAIA, IBi, IAi
3. IAIA, IBIB, IAIB4. IAi, IBi, ii
___ 41. In squirrels, the gene for gray fur (G) is dominant over the gene for black fur (g). If 50% of a large litter of squirrels are gray, the parental cross that produced this litter was most likely
1. GG x Gg2. GG x GG
3. Gg x gg4. gg x gg
___ 42. Base your answer to the following question on the pedigree chart shown and on your knowledge of biology. The pedigree chart represents the inheritance of color blindness through three generations.
Which statement about the genotype of Linda and Donna regarding color blindness is correct?
1. Both carry one recessive allele.
2. Linda is a carrier, and Donna is homozygous dominant.
3. Both are homozygous recessive.
4. Linda is homozygous dominant, and Donna is a carrier.
___ 43. In a certain species of mouse, gray fur (G) is dominant over cream-colored fur (g). If a homozygous gray mouse is crossed with a cream-colored mouse, the genotype of the F1 generation will most likely be
1. 100% Gg
2. 50% GG and 50% gg
3. 25% GG, 50% Gg, and 25% gg
4. 75% Gg and 25% gg
___ 44. Which statement best describes the process of crossing-over?
1. It takes place between homologous chromosomes and results in new gene combinations.
2. It takes place between nonhomologous chromosomes and results in an increased gene mutation rate.
3. It takes place between homologous chromosomes and results in an increased gene mutation rate.
4. It takes place between nonhomologous chromosomes and results in new gene combinations.
___ 45. Which two processes are best represented by the diagram shown?
1. recombination and codominance
2. segregation and intermediate inheritance
3. segregation and recombination
4. codominance and gene linkage
___ 46. Which statement best describes the process illustrated in the diagram?
1. Nondisjunction occurs during segregation, resulting in a chromosomal mutation.
2. Crossing-over occurs during synapsis, leading to increased variation.
3. Exposure to mutagenic agents causes gene linkage in nonhomologous chromosomes.
4. Inbreeding causes random breakage and recombination of chromosome parts.
___ 47. In fruit flies, red eye color (R) is dominant and white eye color (r) is recessive. The allele for eye color is carried on the X-chromosome. Which cross would most likely produce 50% white-eyed males and 50% red-eyed males?
1. XRXR x XRY
2. XRXR x XrY
3. XRXr x XrY
4. XrXr x XRY
___ 48. A woman who is homozygous for type A blood marries a man who is homozygous for type B blood. All of their children have type AB blood. This type of inheritance is known as codominance because
1. some of the children would be expected to have type O blood
2. the allele for type A blood is dominant, and the allele for type B blood is recessive
3. the allele for type B blood is dominant, and the allele for type A blood is recessive
4. the allele for type A blood and the allele for type B blood are both expressed in the children
___ 49. Which diagram best represents the formation of a zygote that could develop into a normal human male?
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
___ 50. Which chromosome pair best illustrates the gene-chromosome theory?
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
___ 51. The gene-chromosome theory states that
1. chromosomes from both parents always have identical genes
2. genes exist at definite loci in a linear sequence on chromosomes
3. homologous chromosomes do not have alleles
4. Mendel's principles no longer apply to genetics