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Test # 2, Bio 104C, 21 April 2009

Answer concisely, accurately, and in logical sequence in the space provided. Complete sentences are not required. Be sure to address all components of each question. The point value (x) is stated for each question.

(9) What are the four major categories of macromolecules and what are the components from which these are constructed? What type of chemical reaction is involved with the breakdown (digestion) of these macromolecules?

Macromolecule / Component

(3) Why are the “side groups” of amino acids so important in determining the structure of a protein?

(5) What does it mean to say that a protein has been “denatured?” What might cause denaturation? What would be the consequence for a cell whose proteins have been denatured?

(2) Branched polymers of glucose in plants are called ______.

(4) What is an autotroph? Give an example.

(3) Name two molecules can move directly through the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane (these don’t require membrane proteins for passage.) What is the driving force that allows these substances to diffuse through the membrane?

(4) What is an enzyme made of and what does an enzyme do?

(4) What is the cellulose of plants cell walls comprised of and how do we ultimately gain access to the nutrients of plant cell walls if human cells don’t have the appropriate enzymes for hydrolyzing cellulose?

(4) What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

(6) Why are isolated islands such as the Galapagos so important for understanding the processes that lead to the formation of new species?

(3) What is the generally accepted explanation for why so many reptiles and so few amphibians inhabit the Galapagos Islands?

(6) What is the importance to evolutionary biologists of the 14 species of finches that inhabit the Galapagos Islands? Your answer should address issues of resource allocation and niche partitioning.

(8) Describe fourforms of reproductive isolation and give fourspecific examples, one for each form you’ve listed.

(4) What is occurring with Rhagoletis pomonella that suggests a new species may be forming? How might reproductive isolation occur in this situation?

(4) What is the theory of symbiogenesis?

(3) Where are hydrothermal vent communities found? Why are hydrothermal vent communities so interesting to biologists? How do they differ from all other communities of living organisms?

(5) Describe the experiment conducted by Louis Pasteur that demonstrated that life comes from pre-existing life and not from “spontaneous” generation?

(4) What is the Cambrian explosion and approximately when did occur?

(3) What are trace fossils?

(6) What were the components of Miller-Urey experiment? What was the main conclusion derived from that experiment?

(4) What happened during the Cambrian period that resulted in so many fossils from this period?

(4) How has the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere changed over geologic time periods? Which gas has become more abundant and how did this happen? Which gas has become less abundant? How so?

(5) Place the following events in chronological order, starting with the oldest/earliest: appearance of eukaryotic cells, appearance of multicellular organisms, photosynthesis, appearance of prokaryotic cells, formation of our solar system.

(4) What sorts of information is provided by the “fossil record?”

(9) For the EKG show above, label each wave with the standard designations. What does the P wave represent in terms of events and structures of the heart? What does the R wave represent? Which structure within the heart is probably defective in this person? Is this 1st, 2nd, or 3rd degree heart block?

(3) What is the formula for cardiac output?

(4) Suppose a college student has a resting heart rate of 110 beats per minute. What might this indicate about the health or state of physical conditioning of this individual? What would be the normal resting heart rate for a healthy college student?

(10) For the negative feedback loop for homeostatic regulation of body temperature in humans, what are the receptors, the afferent pathway, the integrator(s), the efferent pathway, and the effectors.

Component / Structure (name of the body part or organ.) There may be more than one.
Receptor(s)
Afferent pathway
Integrator(s)
Efferent pathway(s)
Effector(s)

(4) What does it mean to be a homeotherm? What types of animals are homeotherms?

(2) Why is it misleading to call an animal like a crocodile a “cold blooded” animal?

(4) What is the formula for calculating the volume of a sphere?

(4) What is formula for calculating the surface area of a sphere?

(10) Suppose a person dressed in light-weight pajamas darts outside to pick up the morning paper and the door locks behind him. He’s now trapped outside where the temperature is just above freezing, the sun has not risen yet, and the wind is blowing fiercely. For this situation, describe the modes of heat exchange and the negative feedback responses that are activated with prevent his core temperature from plummeting. Be sure to mention as many physiological changes that you can think of that oppose the stimulus and be as specific as possible (avoid generalizations.) Use the terminology that we have learned.

(4) According to our findings in lab, what is the relationship between body temperature and heart rate in turtles and crocodilians?