Mrs. Koo/Ms Ingogliatopic: Unit 3-4- Exchange Encounter/Connecting Hemispheres (500-1800)

Mrs. Koo/Ms IngogliaTopic: Unit 3-4- Exchange Encounter/Connecting Hemispheres (500-1800)

Japanese Geography

Mostly mountainous but has many harbors on its irregular coastline
Developed unique culture: haiku poems and Zen gardens and calligraphy
Isolated: became ethnocentric and believed other cultures were inferior

Japanese Religion

Developed a nature based religion
Shintoism: (Similar to animism)
Belief in nature and that all things have spirits and focus on ancestral worship

Japanese Feudalism

Lords give land and protection to vassals in exchange for loyalty and military service
Provided stability for society
Emperor: no real power
Shogun: (military general) has all the power
Daimyo: lords, control the land
Samurai: warriors, follow Bushido which is their code of conduct (similar to Chivalry)
Peasants: farms the land

Korea

Korea is a peninsula
It has been conquered numerous times because its surrounded by powerful nations
Its geographic location is important because it connected China and Japan
Called a cultural bridge between the two societies

Sample Questions

1. Throughout much of history, both China and Japan
held a common view that other nations were
(1) valued sources of worthwhile knowledge
(2) barbarians not worthy of their attention
(3) envoys of an advanced civilization
(4) sources of cheap labor and goods / 6. Which statement about the geography of Japan is most accurate?
(1) Location has made it easy to invade.
(2) Large plains are its primary physical feature.
(3) Earthquakes do not threaten the islands.
(4) The irregular coastline has many natural harbors.
2. Carefully drawn calligraphy, Zen gardens, and the tea ceremony are examples of
(1) artifacts of Mansa Musa’s Timbuktu
(2) the accomplishments of the Protestant Reformation
(3) early Japanese culture
(4) the achievements of Renaissance Florence / 7. Which pair of belief systems share a belief that spirits reside in natural objects and forms?
(1) Hinduism and Confucianism
(2) Shintoism and animism
(3) Islam and Judaism
(4) Christianity and Buddhism
3. Which fact relating to early Japan was a result of the other three?
(1) Japan experienced earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
(2) The Japanese developed a nature-based belief called Shinto.
(3) Tsunamis and typhoons sometimes destroyed coastal Japanese villages.
(4) Mountains are found throughout the islands of Japan. / 8. Which belief is shared by an African who practices animism and a Japanese who practices Shinto?
(1) Only one God rules the universe.
(2) Periodic fasting is essential to spiritual purity.
(3) Spirits exist in both living and nonliving things.
(4) All suffering is caused by desire and selfishness.
4. One way in which the code of chivalry in Europe and the code of Bushido in Japan were similar is that both codes were intended to
(1) help the ruler control his people
(2) benefit all the social classes
(3) guide the behavior of a warrior class
(4) support revolutionary ideas / 9. Feudalism influenced Europe and Japan by
(1) providing social stability
(2) eliminating warfare
(3) fostering the growth of religion
(4) encouraging formal education
5. The terms Bushido, samurai, and daimyo are most closely associated with which group in Japanese history?
(1) emperors
(2) peasants
(3) warriors
(4) merchants / 10. Which statement best describes an impact of geography on the history of the Korean peninsula?
(1) Large deserts have led to isolation.
(2) Location has led to invasion and occupation by other nations.
(3) Lack of rivers has limited food production.
(4) Lack of natural resources has prevented development of manufacturing.

Mongols

unified by Genghis Khan in 1206
Mongol War Machine used superior military skills to conquer the largest empire in world history from Eastern Europe to the Pacific coast of Asia
Mongols made trade and travel safer and brought about a period of peace known as the Pax Mongolia (13th and 14th centuries)
Because of their protection trade increased between Europe and Asia along the Silk Roads
Kublai Khan unified China and created the Yuan Dynasty
The Mongols isolated Russia from Western Europe but taught it how to rule with centralized (one-person) authority

Sample Questions

1. The information provided by the map indicates that in 1280 the Mongols controlled

(1) areas of Africa, Asia, and Europe (3) Japan and Korea

(2) territory from eastern China to eastern Europe (4) all of Asia

2. Which statement is supported by the information on this map?
(1) By 1300, the Mongol Empire had reached the Red Sea.
(2) The Mongol Empire controlled India and Japan by 1300.
(3) By 1300, most of Europe had been conquered by the Mongols.
(4) The Mongol Empire controlled a large portion of Asia by 1300 / 4. Which statement supports the claim that diversity was an important characteristic of the Mongol Empire (1200–1350)?
(1) All people in the Mongol Empire were Hindu.
(2) The Mongol Empire ruled peoples from China, Russia, eastern Europe, and India.
(3) Genghis Khan organized a network of communication across the Empire.
(4) The Mongol Empire covered only central Asia.
3. Which factor contributed to the success of the vast empire created by the Mongols?
(1) avoiding contacts with the West
(2) employing superior military skills
(3) paying monetary tribute to local rulers
(4) converting conquered peoples to Confucianism / 5. What was the effect of the extensive Mongol Empire on the people who lived in Europe and Asia in the 1200s?
(1) development of a common language
(2) expansion of Japanese cultural traditions
(3) adoption of Confucian ideas and practices
(4) significant increases in trade and travel

6. Which group of people ruled much of Asia during the period shown on this map?

(1) Mongol (2) Japanese (3) Indian (4) European

Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther

1517: posted the 95 Theses
a list of abuses of the Catholic Church
He was angered by the sale of indulgences (paying for forgiveness of sins)
only way to salvation is through faith alone
Formed the Protestant religion

The Spread of Protestant Reformation

John Calvin: created Calvinism
Predestination: believed that God had already chosen those who are going to heaven
Henry VIII of England wrote “The Act of Supremacy”
This made him head of his own church: The Anglican Church or Church of England
The Reformation spread because of the printing press
This challenged & weakened the Catholic Church
It strengthened monarchies, allowing them to break from the Church

Counter-Reformation

The Protestant Reformation forced the Church to reform at the Council of Trent
They banned indulgences, Protestantism and started the Inquisition
Inquisition: created to stop the spread of Protestantism and heretics

Sample Questions

1. One way Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII were similar is that they all were
(1) Latin American revolutionary leaders
(2) Impressionist painters
(3) Reformation leaders
(4) divine right monarchs / 4. Prior to the Protestant Reformation, the medieval church in western Europe was criticized for
(1) sponsoring explorations to the Middle East
(2) allowing the Bible to be printed and distributed to the people
(3) being too concerned with worldly power and riches
(4) refusing to sell indulgences to peasants
2. • Luther posted the Ninety-Five Theses.
• Calvin preached the theory of predestination.
• Henry VIII signed the Act of Supremacy.
2. These events occurred during the
(1) Crusades
(2) Protestant Reformation
(3) Neolithic Revolution
(4) Glorious Revolution / 5. Martin Luther’s posting of the Ninety-Five Theses is considered by many to be a turning point in history because
(1) the Pope’s right to sell indulgences was strengthened
(2) Luther soon became the leader of Germany
(3) the power of the Roman Catholic Church was lessened and royal power grew
(4) the Roman Catholic Church unified the German states
3. Which innovation had the greatest impact on the Protestant Reformation?
(1) movable-type printing press
(2) magnetic compass
(3) Mercator map projection
(4) triangular sail / 6. A major goal of the Counter-Reformation was to
(1) reinstate the power of the Roman Catholic Church
(2) reduce the authority of absolute monarchs
(3) encourage new ideas in science and philosophy throughout Europe
(4) compromise with European Protestants
7. In the early 1500s, Martin Luther’s “Ninety-five Theses,” Henry VIII’s “Act of Supremacy,” and John Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion contributed to
(1) a decline in the power of the Catholic Church
(2) an increased sense of nationalism in Tudor England
(3) the growing power of the feudal nobility in Europe
(4) a major conflict among Eastern Orthodox Christians

African Trading Kingdoms

Ghana, Mali and Songhai
Most important was Mali
Mansa Musa: king of Mali, golden age
Took pilgrimage to Mecca and spread Islam
Ghana, Mali & Songhai traded gold & salt over the Tran-Saharan trade route into Middle East
Chief trading city: Timbuktu

Sample Questions

1. The West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai experienced economic prosperity because they all
(1) controlled vast reserves of oil and gold
(2) maintained highly structured feudal systems
(3) traded with many other nations
(4) solved tribal conflicts within their empires
3. The journals of early travelers such as Ibn Battuta of Morocco, Zheng He of China, and Mansa Musa of Mali are examples of
(1) primary sources describing observations of the travelers
(2) works of fiction intended to describe the adventures of the travelers
(3) secondary sources that record the travelers’ interpretations of history
(4) outdated resources for historical research / 2. The rise of the West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai can be attributed to
(1) their emphasis on nationalism
(2) the spread of Christianity
(3) the rise of European imperialism
(4) their locations near the trans-Sahara trade routes
5. Which term best completes the partial outline below?
I. Rise of Civilizations of Ghana and Mali
A. ______
B. Spread of Islam
C. Development of centers of learning
(1) Use of gunpowder
(2) Development of Hammurabi’s Code
(3) Trade of gold and salt
(4) Distribution of the printing press
4. A similarity between the ancient western African kingdoms of Mali, Ghana, and Songhai is that these kingdoms
(1) limited the power of their rulers
(2) established economies based on trade
(3) practiced Christianity
(4) isolated themselves from contact with other cultures / 6. What was a significant effect of Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca?
(1) The African written language spread to southwest Asia.
(2) Military leaders eventually controlled Mali.
(3) Islamic learning and culture expanded in Mali.
(4) The trading of gold for salt ended.

Latin American Civilizations

Maya, Aztec, Inca

All had complex civilizations before the arrival of the Europeans
They all made achievements in arts, architecture, sciences, math and astrology
They all adapted to their geography to develop complex cultures
Examples: Aztec Chinampas (floating gardens) and Inca terrace farming
The Inca lived in the Andes Mountains
They made extensive systems of roads
Maya: achievements in math and sciences: concept of zero

Sample Questions

1. The Gupta civilization (4th–6th centuries) and the Maya civilization (4th–10th centuries) were similar in that both
(1) built temple complexes and developed the concept of zero
(2) eliminated standing armies and introduced an aristocracy
(3) developed early democratic systems
(4) were conquered by European imperialists / 5. How did the Inca adapt to their physical environment?
(1) They built large fishing fleets to feed their populations.
(2) They built footbridges that connected their roads across the Andes.
(3) They established extensive trade agreements with Europe.
(4) They raised cattle and horses on the pampas.
2. One similarity between the Mongols of Central Asia and the Incas of South America was that both societies
(1) developed cash-crop farming
(2) based their wealth on the slave trade
(3) adapted to difficult physical environments
(4) practiced monotheistic religions / 6. Which geographic factor had the most influence on the development of Inca society and Japanese society?
(1) frequent monsoons
(2) large deserts
(3) mountainous topography
(4) tropical climate
3. The Aztec use of the calendar and the Maya writing system both illustrate that pre-Columbian cultures in the Americas
(1) traded extensively with Africa
(2) declined because of invasion and disease
(3) flourished prior to European contact
(4) converted others to Islam / 7.The ancient cultures of both the Incas and the Chinese adapted to the physical geography of their region by
(1) developing terrace farming on hillsides
(2) building chariots to protect their open plains against invaders
(3) becoming maritime traders
(4) constructing harbors to encourage exploration
4. A study of Aztec, Maya, and Inca agricultural systems would show that these civilizations
(1) relied on mechanized agricultural techniques
(2) carried on extensive food trade with each other
(3) adapted to their environments with creative farming techniques
(4) relied on a single-crop economy

The Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty (1369-1644)

Removed the Yuan Dynasty from China
Reestablished a Chinese Dynasty
From 1405-1433: China was the world’s leading exploring country
After 1433: China went back to being isolated until the 1800’s

Zheng He

Chinese explorer
1405-1433 China expanded trade with Asia, India, the Middle East and East Africa
Spread Chinese goods and culture to many other areas to show the superiority of China

Sample Questions

1. Which conclusion can be made about the Ming dynasty of China as a result of the travels of Zheng He?

(1) China profited more from African trade than from Asian trade.

(2) Islam became the dominant religion of China.

(3) The Ming dynasty established trade routes to Europe.

(4) Advanced navigation technology was available in China.

2. Zheng He contributed to the prosperity of China under the Ming dynasty by
(1) defeating the Manchu invaders
(2) constructing the Great Wall along the northern frontier
(3) expanding trade with nations of Asia and Africa
(4) establishing colonies in Korea and Japan / 4. A major reason for Zheng He’s voyages during the 15th century was to
(1) promote trade and collect tribute
(2) establish colonies in Africa and India
(3) seal off China’s borders from foreign influence
(4) prove the world was round
3. Based on the map, one result of the voyages of Zheng He was that
(1) Chinese merchants began trading with Africa
(2) Christian missionaries arrived in China
(3) Indian artisans showed the Chinese how to make Ming porcelain
(4) China set up colonies in Europe

The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire

Conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453
1500s: controlled parts of the Middle East, North Africa, and Eastern Europe.

Suleiman the Magnificent

Expanded the Ottoman Empire
ruled during a golden age
Used religious toleration
considered an absolute ruler

Sample Questions

1. One way in which Asoka, Mansa Musa, and Suleiman the Magnificent are similar is that they
(1) established republics
(2) led nationalist movements
(3) ruled during times of prosperity
(4) discouraged scientific advancements
3. The Ottoman Empire disrupted overland trade between Europe and Asia.
• Peter the Great established St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea.
• Mesoamericans relied on terrace farming.
1. These statements illustrate the
(1) impact of geography on human activity
(2) failure of people to adjust to their environment
(3) effect of geographic isolation on different societies
(4) movement from a traditional to a command economy / 3. In 1453, the Ottoman Empire rose to power by defeating the
(1) Holy Roman Empire
(2) European crusaders
(3) Byzantine Empire
(4) Mongol invaders
4. One way in which Sulieman the Magnificent, Akbar the Great, and Louis XIV are similar is that each was
(1) an important religious reformer
(2) a supporter of laissez-faire practices
(3) a leader of independence movements
(4) an absolute monarch

Exploration

The Age of Exploration

The Dutch, Spain and Portugal started exploration
Both located on a peninsula
They wanted new trades routes to East Asia avoid Muslim traders in the Middle East
New technology: the astrolabe, new ships and navigational tools made exploration possible

Famous Explorers

Bartholomeu Diaz (Portugal) : sailed to the Cape of Good Hope (Southern tip of Africa)
Vasco da Gama (Portugal): first European to sail around Africa to India
Magellan (Portugal): circumnavigated the globe
Christopher Columbus (Spain): discovered the Americas

Sample Questions

2. During the 1500s, technological advances in navigation, naval engineering, and mapmaking contributed directly to the start of the
(1) Gupta Empire
(3) Age of Exploration
(2) Mongol Empire
(4) medieval guilds / 3. The major reason that Portugal and Spain established water routes to Asia’s spice markets was to
(1) experiment with new technology such as the astrolabe and sextant
(2) provide jobs for navigators, cartographers, and shipbuilders
(3) avoid the overland routes that were controlled by Muslim traders
(4) discover new continents, plants, and animals

Absolutism

Where a king or ruler has absolute power
Ruled using the Divine Right Theory (god said they can rule)
Power is in the hands of ONE person (centralized)
Examples of Absolute Rulers: Louis XIV in France, Elizabeth I & James I in England, Peter the Great & Catherine the Great in Russia

Louis XIV

Absolute ruler of France and known as the Sun King
Ruled for 72 years (1643-1715) and turned France into a cultural center of the world
Claimed “I am the State” (“L’état, c’est moi”) and abused his power
Spent taxes on luxuries and wars that placed France in debt which laid the foundation for the French Revolution in 1789

Sample Questions