Morphology: How to Parse Verbs and Nouns
When asked to give the form of a noun or a verb, this is what you must give.
Verbs
Each verb has five characteristics:
Person (first, second, third)
Number (singular, plural)
Tense (present, future, future perfect, perfect, imperfect, pluperfect)
Mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative, infinitive, [participle])
Voice (active, passive) (Deponents are active)
When you are asked to give the Function or Use of a verb, see the handout “Constructions Involving Verb Forms (Syntax).”
Nouns
Case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, [vocative], [locative])
Number (singular, plural)
Gender (masculine, feminine, neuter)
Function or Use (e.g. ACC subject of infinitive, DAT of agent, ABL of means, etc.)
Sample Synopsis: 3rd person singular
ACTIVE VOICE
pres. amats/he loves, does love, is loving
imp. amabats/he was loving, loved, did love, used to love
fut. amabits/he will love, will be loving
perf. amavits/he has loved, did love, loved, has been loving
plup. amaverats/he had loved, had been loving
ftperf. amaverits/he will have loved, will have been loving
PASSIVE VOICE
pres. amaturs/he is loved, is being loved
imp. amabaturs/he was being loved,
fut. amabiturs/he will be loved
perf. amatus ests/he has been loved, was loved
plup. amatus erats/he had been loved
ftperf. amatus erits/he will have been loved
First Conjugative: Amo, amāre, amavi, amatus = love
Indicative Mood
active voicepassive voice
tenses
pres.amoamamusamoramamur
amasamatisamarisamamini
amatamantamaturamantur
______
imp,amabamamabamusamabaramabamur
amabasamabatisamabarisamabamini
amabatamabantamabaturamabantur
______
fut.amaboamabimusamaboramabimur
amabisamabitisamaberisamabimini
amabitamabuntamabituramabuntur
______
perf.amaviamavimusamatus sumamati sumus
amavistiamavistis " es " estis
amavitamavērunt " est " sunt
______
plup. amaveramamaveramusamatuseramamati eramus
amaverasamaveratis " eras " eratis
amaveratamaverant erat " erant
______
ftperf.amaveroamaverimusamatus eroamati erimus
amaverisamaveritis " eris " eritis
amaveritamaverint " erit " erunt
Imperative mood
singular = ama! plural = amate!
Second Conjugative: doceo, docēre, docui, doctus = teach
Indicative Mood
active voicepassive voice
tenses
pres.doceodocemusdoceordocemur
docesdocetisdocerisdocemini
docetdocentdoceturdocentur
______
imp,docebamdocebamusdocebardocebamur
docebasdocebatisdocebarisdocebamini
docebatdocebantdocebaturdocebantur
______
fut.docebodocebimusdocebordocebimur
docebisdocebitisdoceberisdocebimini
docebitdocebuntdocebiturdocebuntur
______
perf.docuidocuimusdoctus sumdocti sumus
docuistidocuistis " es " estis
docuitdocuērunt " est " sunt
______
plup. docueramdocueramusdoctuseramdocti eramus
docuerasdocueratis " eras " eratis
docueratdocuerant erat " erant
______
ftperf.docuerodocuerimusdoctus erodocti erimus
docuerisdocueritis " eris " eritis
docueritdocuerint " erit " erunt
Imperative mood
singular = doce! plural = docete!
Third Conjugative: pono, ponere, posui, positus = place, put
Indicative Mood
active voicepassive voice
tenses
pres.ponoponimusponorponimur
ponisponitisponerisponimini
ponitponuntponiturponuntur
______
imp,ponebamponebamusponebarponebamur
ponebasponebatisponebarisponebamini
ponebatponebantponebaturponebantur
______
fut.ponamponemusponarponemur
ponesponetisponērisponemini
ponetponentponeturponentur
______
perf.posuiposuimuspositus sumpositi sumus
posuistiposuistis " es " estis
posuitposuērunt " est " sunt
______
plup. posueramposueramusposituserampositi eramus
posuerasposueratis " eras " eratis
posueratposuerant erat " erant
______
ftperf.posueroposuerimuspositus eropositi erimus
posuerisposueritis " eris " eritis
posueritposuerint " erit " erunt
Imperative mood
singular = pone! plural = ponite!
Third ‘io’ Conjugative: capio, capere,cepi, captus = take, seize, capture
Indicative Mood
active voicepassive voice
tenses
pres.capiocapimuscapiorcapimur
capiscapitiscaperiscapimini
capitcapiuntcapiturcapiuntur
______
imp,capiebamcapiebamuscapiebarcapiebamur
capiebascapiebatiscapiebariscapiebamini
capiebatcapiebantcapiebaturcapiebantur
______
fut.capiamcapiemuscapiarcapiemur
capiescapietiscapieriscapiemini
capietcapientcapieturcapientur
______
perf.cepicepimuscaptus sumcapti sumus
cepisticepistis " es " estis
cepitcepērunt " est " sunt
______
plup. ceperamceperamuscaptus eramcapti eramus
ceperasceperatis " eras " eratis
ceperatceperant " erat " erant
______
ftperf.ceperoceperimuscaptus erocapti erimus
ceperisceperitis " eris " eritis
ceperitceperint " erit " erunt
Imperative mood
singular = cape! plural = capite!
Fourth Conjugative: audio, audīre, audivi, auditus = hear, listen to
Indicative Mood
active voicepassive voice
tenses
pres.audioaudimusaudioraudimur
audisauditisaudirisaudimini
cauditaudiuntaudituraudiuntur
______
imp,audiebamaudiebamusaudiebaraudiebamur
audiebasaudiebatisaudiebarisaudiebamini
audiebataudiebantaudiebaturaudiebantur
______
fut.audiamaudiemusaudiaraudiemur
audiesaudietisaudierisaudiemini
audietaudientaudieturaudientur
______
perf.audiviaudivimusauditus sumauditi sumus
audivistiaudivistis " es " estis
audivitaudivērunt " est " sunt
______
plup. audiveramaudiveramusauditus eramauditi eramus
audiverasaudiveratis " eras " eratis
audiverataudiverant " erat " erant
______
ftperf.audiveroaudiverimusauditus eroauditi erimus
audiverisaudiveritis " eris " eritis
audiveritaudiverint " erit " erunt
Imperative mood
singular = audi! plural = audite!
DEPONENT VERBS
(passive in form but are active in meaning)
Indicative
Pres. hortaturveretursequiturpatituroritur
Imp.hortabaturverebatursequebaturpatiebaturoriebatur
Fut.hortabiturverebitursequeturpatieturorietur
Perf. hortatus estveritus estsecutus estpassus estortus est
Plup. " erat " erat " erat " erat " erat
FtPerf " erit " erit " erit " erit " erit
Subjunctive
Pres. horteturvereatursequaturpatiaturoriatur
Imp.hortareturvereretursequereturpaterebaturoriretur
Perf. hortatus sitveritus sitsecutus sitpassus sitortus sit
Plup. " esset " esset " esset " esset " esset
Infinitves
Pres. hortarivererisequipatioririto _____
Perf hortatus esseveritus essesecutus essepassus esseortus esseto have ______ed
Futhortaturus esseveriturus essesecuturus essepassurus esseorturus esseto be about ti ______
Participles
Pres. hortans,ntisverens,ntissequens, entispatiens, ientisoriens,orientis____ing
Perf hortatusveritus secutus passus ortus having _____ed
Futhortaturusveriturussecuturus passurusorturus about to ______
Eo, Ire, Ii (ivi), iturus – go
Pres.
Eoimusimpibam, etcpres. subj = eam, eas, eat, etc.
Isit isfutibo, etc.
Iteuntperfivi, ivisti, ivit, etc.
Fero, ferre, tuli, latus = bring, bear, carry
Feroferimusimp ferebampres. subj = feram, feras, ferat
Fersfertisfutferam, feres, feret
Fertferuntperf tuli, tulisti, tulit
Sum, esse, fui, futurus = to be
Sum sumusimp eram, eras, eratpres. subj = sim, sis, sits
Esestisfut ero, eris erit
Estsuntperffui, fuisti, fuit,
Possum, posse, potui = be able
Possumpossumusimp poterampres. subj = possim, possis, possit
Possespotestisfut potero
Possetpossuntperfpotui, potuisti, potuit
How to Form the Subjunctive:
Present tense = if 1st conj verb, use the vowel ‘e’amet, ametur
if 2nd conj verb, use the vowels ‘ea’doceat, doceatur
if 3rd conj verb, use the vowel ‘a’ponat, ponatur
if 3rd io conj verb, use the vowels ‘ia’capiat, capiatur
if 4th conj verb, use the vowels ‘ia’audiat, audiatur
Imperfect tense = 2nd principal part + endingse.g. caperet, audirentur
Perfect Active = 3rd prin. Part, drop the ‘i’ and add erim, eris, erite.g. docuerit
Perfect Passive = 4t prin. Part, add pres. subj of sum (sim, sis, sit)e.g. doctus sit
Pluperfect Active = 3rd prin. Part, drop the ‘i’ and add erim, eris, erite.g. docuisset
Pluperfect Passive = 4t prin. Part, add imperf. subj of sum (essem, esses, esset)e.g. doctus esset
The Gerund and the Gerundive both are formed from the future passive participle. Here are the formation rules.
1st: amandus,a,um
2nddocendus, a, um
3rdponendus, a, um
3rd iocapiendus, a, um
4thaudiendus, a, um