12.1 Option S: Urban Change in the UK and the Wider World in the Last 30 years
Specification Content / Detailed Content / Activities/Skills
/ Resources
The economic and social reasons for the population movements in / Urban notes
Fiji data
Cuba data
MEDC v LEDC
Urbanisation.
Module 6 from Urban development and change.
Dyer & Eyes – Bridgeheader model. Models of squatter growth and location. Self help case studies eg Tondo foreshore.
Rio – Nagle 117-9.
Notes on counter Urb decentralisation and deconcentration.
Sir Thomas More case study – link to segregation.
Birmingham data.
more economically developed
countries (MEDCs) and in less / .
economically developed countries(LEDCs) and the affects of such movements.
The general characteristics of urbanisation in LEDCs. / Rate, causes (push/pull factors) and natural growth characteristics / Line graphs.
of population involved.
The study of one major LEDC / For one named area — discuss the
urban area where urbanisation has occurred and continues to occur. / origin of migrants; rate of growth; effect on urban structure;
economic, social and environmental advantages/disadvantages; government and NGO responses to the impact of urbanisation e.g. self-help schemes.
Suburbanisation and counter- / Definition of suburbanisation and / O.S. map interpretation.
urbanisation within MEDCs. / counter-urbanisation. Using a
case study of each, look at causes,
characteristics, population
involved, economic and social
effects on source and destination
areas. Attitudes of named groups
to the movements.
Different attitudes to urbanisation, suburbanisation and counter- urbanisation. / Incorporate into above. Groups such as local and national government residents, migrants, environmentalists, industrialists, farmers, etc.
Inner city decline and regeneration within UK urban areas. / Key Skill: Working With Others: Task 4
The nature and causes of inner city decline. / With the use of a case study look at economic, social and environmental causes of decline and their negative impact on employment, population and the environment (i.e. the downward spiral). / Use of published statistical data.
Photographic interpretation.
The reasons for and effects of gentrification. / Definition of gentrification. Use of a case study to describe the process and effects of gentrification and its impact on house prices and population structure.
Attitudes to gentrification. / Birmingham – Edgbaston – features that make it attractive.
Polices with different social,
economic and environmental aims for inner city improvement,
including initiatives designed to
regenerate a specific inner city area:
• property-led regeneration,
including Urban Development Corporations;
• partnerships between central government, local
government and the private sector;
• the role of Housing Associations. / Case study to cover each of -
UDC Partnership and Housing
Association schemes. Look at
aims, methods and effects. Make an evaluation of the success or otherwise of the policies. Discuss the attitudes of different groups to the policies.
Use of texts and
published statistical
data. / London Docklands. Trafford Park, Manchester.
Partnerships video.
Retail change in the UK.
• The development of out-of- town retailing, / Use of a case study to look at out- of-town and/or regional retail parks, e.g. Bluewater. Look at location and reasons for development. / Map interpretation.
Sketch maps. / Case Study – Merry Hill.
The effects of this retail change on both the CBD and the rural-urban fringe, / Socio-economic/environmental effects on CBD and rural urban fringe. / Possible questionnaires. / Meadowhall Retail park covered on Field Course. Effects on Sheffield.
Attitudes and responses to retail change. / Attitudes of named groups affected both positively and negatively and their response. / Opportunity for fieldwork.
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Module 3 The Human Options12.2 Option T: / The Historical Rural and Urban Landscapes of England and Wales
Specification Content / Detailed Content / Activities/Skills / Resources
Evolution of rural landscapes. The effects of technological / Anglo Saxon advances in clearance of woodland — the ard, the mould board plough, / Use of photographs: oblique/vertical
aerial photographs.
social and economic changes. Evidence of this evolution in the present landscape. / Settlement sites and factors affecting these.
Evidence:
archaeological;
place name;
aerial photographs. / Ordnance Survey maps to show ancient sites.
The open-field landscape. / Reasons for the development of ridges/furrows/open fields. / The pattern of ridges and furrows identified on aerial photographs.
The landscape around these are part of the agricultural system e.g., woodland, fen, moorland.
Changes in the landscape resulting from enclosures, which took place between the / Commercialisation of farming as background reason. / Documentary evidence, photographic interpretation.
16th and 19th centuries. / The Agricultural Revolution:
field pattern changes; Parliamentary enclosure; settlement dispersed; straighter routeways; replace winding tracks; loss of woodland and common land.
Evolution of urban landscapes. / Identification of the building styles of Georgian/Regency. / Opportunity for fieldwork, e.g.,
Bath/York/Chester.
Use of documentary evidence and old maps.
The evidence of the past in the
modern town:
• the architectural heritage of Georgian/Regency periods,
with specific reference to
examples, such as, Bath. / Specific reference to location
within the present town. Street patterns and public/private buildings.
The effects on the built
environments of political,
technological, social and
economic change. Evidence of
this evolution in the present day
urban landscape. / The need for planning in the 19th
century town. The problems that
existed and introduction of By-laws
to control building. The original
factors attracting industrial growth -
coal/raw materials — rail and canal transport. Mills and factories
adjacent to them. Specific examples
of where still seen, e.g. Manchester. / 1801 Census and old
Ordnance Survey maps. Comparison with present day
towns. Town directories/old photographs and documents.
The industrial town of the 19th
century:
• by-law housing;
• location of industry and
transport;
• the enlightened industrialists
utopian ideas, e.g., Saltaire
and Port Sunlight,
Enlightened industrialists, e.g., Titus Salt, Cadbury Bros. with their ideas for improving the environment for their workforce. A planned town -
e.g. Stevenage or similar.
New Towns
New building materials and
technologies
Rural and urban landscapes as
resources to be protected, but
also used. Different attitudes to
landscapes can lead to conflicts.
The preservation, development
and exploitation of aspects of landscapes as a source of toutist income with reference to: / Why protection is needed:
retaining historical character; tourism as a major factor; education of future generations.
Cost of protection and agencies involved — National Trust, English Heritage. / Fieldwork.
Ordnance Survey maps
of various dates.
Photographs.
• either an historic city such
as Bath, York or Chester; / Specific examples of building,
streets and rural scenery.
• or an industrial heritage site
such as Ironbridge,
Beamish, or the London
Docklands;
• or a National Park, or an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. / Conflicts and attitudes to this protection. Who decides what is ‘worth’ preserving/conserving?
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