Modern Biology: Introduction to the Science of Life
Name:
Exam Date: ______(anticipated)
OVERVIEW
Learning Targets:
1. I can explain how living things are organized in terms of the relationships between atoms to organ systems.
2. I can explain the structure and function of the four macromolecules within the body.
3. I can identify and describe the relevant parts and processes of an organ system.
4. I can explain chemical reactions and why they occur in the cell.
5. I can describe what factors affect enzymes and their role in chemical reactions.
LearningTarget / LC
Points earned / Total points
earned / SECURE / Areas that need improvement:
(check those that apply)
1 / 8
2 / 8
3 / 8
4 / 8
5 / 8
Assigned Reading Checklist (must read a minimum of 4)
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Modern Biology: Introduction to the Science of Life
_____ Cliff Notes Chapter 2
_____ Cliff Notes Chapters 4, 23
_____ Owl Text Book pages 31-41, 51-60
_____ Penguin Text Book pages 24-33, 38-46
_____ Owl Text Book pages 979-991
_____ Penguin Text Book pages 630-643
_____ Elements Found in Living Things*(required)
_____ Other resource:
_____ Other resource:
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Modern Biology: Introduction to the Science of Life
My goals for this unit are:
Behavior:
Academic:
Personal:
Are there some things Ms. Fairbanks can do to help you achieve your goals?
Atoms:
Organ:
Organ system:
Tissue:
Organic compound:
Macromolecule:
Monomers:
Polymers:
Monosaccharide:
Disaccharide:
Polysaccharide:
Amino acids:
Fatty acids:
Nucleic acids:
LT 1: I can explain how living things are organized in terms of the relationships between atoms to organ systems.
Describe in your own words how living things are “organized”-
Level of Organization: ATOMS
Matter:
Isotope:
ATP:
Atoms
The basic unit of structure of all elements is the atom. Atoms are made up of three types of particles: protons, which are positively charged; electrons, which are negatively charged; and neutrons, which have no charge.
Structure of an atom.
The electrons in an atom occupy certain regions around the nucleus called shells.
How many electrons can the 1st shell hold? ______
How many electrons can the rest of the shells hold? ______
The nucleus of a certain atom has 17 protons and 18 neutrons. How many electrons does the atom have? ______
If the nucleus had 17 protons and 19 neutrons, how many electrons would the atom have? ______
If the nucleus in question 2 lost 1 proton and 2 neutrons, what change in the number of electrons would be needed to keep the atom electrically neutral? ______
Elements
Most substances can be broken down into other substances. However, there are certain substances that cannot be broken down into other ordinary chemical reactions. These substances are called elements. Elements are composed of only one type of atom. All substances are either elements or compounds, which are combinations of two or more elements.
After the name of each element, write its symbol.
Hydrogen_____Sodium_____Chlorine_____Copper_____
Carbon_____Oxygen_____Potassium_____Lead_____
Nitrogen_____Phosphorus_____Calcium_____Iron_____
Atomic number, mass number, and isotopes
Every atom of a given element has the same number of protons in its nucleus. This number is called the atomic number of the element. The identity of an element is determined by its atomic number (the number of protons in its atom).
The mass number of an atom is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of the atom.
The atomic number does not vary. Its atom all have the same number of protons. However, the number of neutrons in an atom of an element can vary. Therefore, atoms of the same element can have different mass numbers. These different varieties of the same element are called isotopes.
How do you determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons an atom will have?
Using the periodic table, determine how many protons, neutrons, and electrons carbon and oxygen have.
Give the atomic number and mass number of the following elements
Element / Atomic Number / Mass NumberChlorine (17+, 18N)
Carbon (6+, 8N)
Carbon (6+, 6N)
Sulfur (16+, 16N)
Level of Organization: MOLECULES
Compounds
Most elements will combine with other elements under the right conditions. The combining capacity of an element is determined by the number of electrons in the outer shell of its atoms. When two or more elements combine chemically, they form a compound.
Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen are called organic compounds, while those that do not are called inorganic compounds.
Ionic bonding
The atoms of a compound are joined together by chemical bonds. There are two basic types of bonds- ionic and covalent.
In ionic bonding there is a transfer of electrons from one atom to another. That is, one atom gives up electrons and the other gains them. In this way both atoms obtain filled outer shells.
Why and how do atoms interact?
An atom (or group of atoms) that has acquired an electric charge by losing or gaining electrons is called an ion.
An oxygen atom has 6 electrons in its outer shell. How many electrons does it need to fill that shell? ______
A calcium atom has 2 electrons in its outer shell. When calcium forms an ionic bond with another element, what is the charge of its ion?______
Covalent bonding
Most of the bonds inorganic compounds are covalent bonds. In this type of bonding, the outer shells of the atom are filled by sharing electrons. In covalent bonding, the electrons are always shared in pairs.
An oxygen atom has 6 outer electrons. How many pairs of electrons must it share in covalent bonds? ______
Carbon’s versatility:
A carbon atom has four electrons in its outer shell. When carbon combines with other elements, each carbon atoms fills its outer shell by sharing its four electrons and four electrons from other atoms.
It can bond with other elements but, more importantly, with other carbons.
This creates enormous variety:
straight carbon chainscarbon rings
branched carbon chainsdouble and triple bonds
LT 2: I can explain the structure and function of the four macromolecules within the body.
Level of Organization: MACROMOLECULES
Macro-moleculeAnd its elements / Monomers
(building blocks) / Examples / Functions
Carbohydrates:
Lipids:
Proteins:
Nucleic Acids:
LT 3: I can identify and describe the relevant parts and processes of an organ system.
Level of Organization: Digestive System
-What is the function of the digestive system?
What is ingestion? Why does your body need to ingest food?
What is digestion? Why does your body need to digest food?
Describe the function of the esophagus. (What is peristalsis?)
Describe the stomach. Explain how the stomach uses both chemical and mechanical digestion to process food.
Where does the majority of the digestion take place in the small intestine? What type(s) of digestion occur there?
What role do the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas play in the digestive system?
What is the main function of the large intestine?
LT 5: I can describe what factors affect enzymes and their role in chemical reactions.
Enzyme:
Active site:
Substrate: (What is another name for substrate?)
Product:
Label the diagram using the vocabulary terms above.
Explain how do enzymes work? Be sure to describe what happens to the enzyme.
+
What is the common name for this process?______
What does “optimum level” mean?
List and explain the factors that affect enzyme function?
What happens to an enzyme when it is denatured?
LT 4: I can explain chemical reactions and why they occur in the cell.
Chemical Reactions and Energy
Energy:
Activation Energy:
Catalyst:
Endothermic:
Exothermics:
Give an example of a chemical reaction. Identify the reactants and products.
What is activation energy?
What does a catalyst do to it?
What is ATP? Why is it important? Describe how this energy source is used.
Why do chemical reactions need enzymes?
Unit Reflection:
What aspect of your effort and preparation were most effective?
What aspect of your effort and preparation were least effective?
What specific action or actions will improve your performance?
What will you do differently starting this week?
How can I use what I learned in my own life?
For each section of the CCRS rubric, decide whether you are
Secure, Developing or Beginning for this unit:
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