Mobile and Wireless Networks

Abstract

Amobile phone(also known as acellular phone,cell phone, and ahand phone) is a device that can make and receivetelephone callsover aradio linkwhile moving around a wide geographic area.

Wireless networking is a method by which homes,telecommunications networksand enterprise (business) installations avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various equipment locations.

General Terms

ANN, LTE, Mobile communication, Wireless communication.

Keywords

Wireless networks, SMS, sim card, GMS feature phone, wireless PAN, wireless LAN, wireless mesh network, wireless MAN, photophone.

Introduction

A mobile phone is a device that can make and receive cellular calls over a radio link while moving around a geographical area. The concept of mobile networking and wireless networking is an important thesis in the area of intelligent and knowledge-based systems introduced in the modern technology.

The wireless networking was brought up into the world of communication by Alexander Graham BellandCharles Sumner Tainterin the 1880. They invented and patented the photophone, a telephone that conducted audio conversations wirelessly over modulatedlight beams(which are narrow projections ofelectromagnetic waves).

The mobile is one of the best technologies invented. Early predecessors of cellular phones included analog radio communications from ships and trains. The advancements in mobile technology occurred right after the World War II.The advances in mobile telephony have been traced in successive generationsfrom the early "0G" (zeroth generation) services like theBell System'sMobile Telephone Serviceand its successor,Improved Mobile Telephone Service. The first handheld mobile cell phone was demonstrated byMotorolain 1973. The first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by NTTin 1979.

1G, 2G and 3G-The first generation ("1G") (introduced in the mid-1980s) systems could support far more simultaneous calls, but still used analog technology. In 1991, the second generation (2G)digitalcellular technology was launched which sparked competition in the sector, as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators. Ten years later, in 2001, the third generation (3G) was launched. This was followed by 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements based on thehigh-speed packet access(HSPA) family, allowingUMTS networksto have higher data transfer speeds and capacity.

Mobiles and Wireless Technology

One of the best-known examples of wireless technology is themobile phone, also known as a cellular phone. These wireless phones use radio waves to enable their users to make phone calls from many locations worldwide. They can be used within range of themobile telephone siteused to house the equipment required to transmit and receive theradio signalsfrom these instruments

Wireless data communications.

Wireless data communications are an essential component of mobile computing.[8]The various available technologies differ in local availability, coverage range and performance,and in some circumstances, users must be able to employ multiple connection types and switch between them. To simplify the experience for the user,connection manager softwarecan be used,or amobile VPNdeployed to handle the multiple connections as a secure, singlevirtual network.Wi-Fiis a wirelesslocal area networkthat enables portable computing devices to connect easily to theInternet. . Wi-Fi has become the de facto standard for access in private homes, within offices, and at public hotspots. Cellular data serviceoffers coverage within a range of 10-15 miles from the nearestcell site.Speeds have increased as technologies have evolved, from earlier technologies such asGSM,CDMAandGPRS, to3Gnetworks such asW-CDMA,EDGEorCDMA2000.

Mobile Satellite Communicationsmay be used where other wireless connections are unavailable, such as in largely rural areasor remote locations.]Satellite communicationsare especially important fortransportation,aviation,maritimeandmilitaryuse.

Wireless Sensor Networksare responsible for sensing noise, interference, and activity in data collection networks. This allows us to detect relevant quantities, monitor and collect data, formulate meaningful user displays, and to perform decision-making functions.

Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs) use mobile telecommunication cellular networks such Mobitex, GSM, CDMA2000, UMTS, WiMAX and LTE for data transfer.

Wireless networkingis used to meet many needs. Perhaps the most common use is to connect laptop users who travel from location to location. Another common use is for mobile networks that connect via satellite. A wireless transmission method is a logical choice to network a LAN segment that must frequently change locations. The following situations justify the use of wireless technology:

  • To span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling,
  • To provide a backup communications link in case of normal network failure,
  • To link portable or temporary workstations,
  • To overcome situations where normal cabling is difficult or financially impractical, or
  • To remotely connect mobile users or networks.

Applications may involvepoint-to-point communication,point-to-multipoint communication,broadcasting,cellular networksand otherwireless networks, Wi-Fi technology.

Types of wireless Networks

Wireless PAN

Wirelesspersonal area networks(WPANs) interconnect devices within a relatively small area, that is generally within a person's reach.]For example, bothBluetoothradio and invisibleinfraredlight provides a WPAN for interconnecting a headset to a laptop.ZigBeealso supports WPAN applications.

Wireless LAN

A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices over a short distance using a wireless distribution method, usually providing a connection through an access point forInternet access. The use ofspread-spectrumorOFDMtechnologies may allow users to move around within a local coverage area, and still remain connected to the network.

Products using theIEEE 802.11Fixed wirelesstechnology implementspoint-to-pointlinks between computers or networks at two distant locations, often using dedicatedmicrowaveor modulatedlaser lightbeams overline of sightpaths.

Wireless mesh network

A wireless mesh network is a wireless network made up of radio nodes organized in a mesh topology. Each node forwards messages on behalf of the other nodes.

Wireless MAN

Wirelessmetropolitan area networksare a type of wireless network that connects several wireless LANs.

  • WiMAXis a type of Wireless MAN and is described by theIEEE 802.16standard.[6]

Wireless WAN

Wireless wide area networksare wireless networks that typically cover large areas, such as between neighboring towns and cities, or city and suburb. The wireless connections between access points are usuallypoint to pointmicrowave linksusingparabolic disheson the 2.4GHz band, rather thanomnidirectional antennasused with smaller networks. A typical system contains base station gateways, access points and wireless bridging relays.

Cellular network

Acellular networkormobile networkis a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-locationtransceiver, known as acell siteorbase station. In a cellular network, each cell characteristically uses a different set of radio frequencies from all their immediate neighbouring cells to avoid any interference.

When joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a large number of portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones,pagers, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission.

Although originally intended for cell phones, with the development ofsmartphones,cellular telephone networksroutinely carry data in addition to telephone conversations:

  • Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM): The GSM network is divided into three major systems: the switching system, the base station system, and the operation and support system. The cell phone connects to the base system station which then connects to the operation and support station; it then connects to the switching station where the call is transferred to where it needs to go. GSM is the most common standard and is used for a majority of cell phones.[7]
  • Personal Communications Service(PCS): PCS is a radio band that can be used by mobile phones in North America and South Asia. Sprint happened to be the first service to set up a PCS.
  • D-AMPS: Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service, an upgraded version of AMPS, is being phased out due to advancement in technology. The newer GSM networks are replacing the older system.

Global area network

Aglobal area network(GAN) is a network used for supporting mobile across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. The key challenge in mobile communications is handing off user communications from one local coverage area to the next. In IEEE Project 802, this involves a succession of terrestrialwireless LANs.

Space network

Space networks are networks used for communication between spacecraft, usually in the vicinity of the Earth. The example of this is NASA'sSpace Network.

5G

5G(5th generation mobile networksor5th generation wireless systems) is a term used in some research papers and projects to denote the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current4G/IMT-Advancedstandards. 5G is also referred to as beyond 2020 mobile communications technologies. 5G does not describe any particular specification in any official document published by any telecommunication standardization body.

New mobile generations are typically assigned new frequency bands and wider spectral bandwidth per frequency channel (1G up to 30kHz, 2G up to 200kHz, 3G up to 20MHz, and 4G up to 100MHz), but skeptics argue that there is little room for larger channel bandwidths and new frequency bands suitable for land-mobile radio.[5]From users' point of view, previous mobile generations have implied substantial increase inpeak bitrate(i.e. physical layernet bitratesfor short-distance communication), up to 1 Gbit/s to be offered by 4G.

If 5G appears, and reflects these prognoses, the major difference from a user point of view between 4G and 5G techniques must be something else than increased peak bit rate; for example higher number of simultaneously connected devices, highersystem spectral efficiency(data volume per area unit), lower battery consumption, lower outage probability (better coverage), high bit rates in larger portions of the coverage area, lower latencies, higher number of supported devices, lower infrastructure deployment costs, higher versatility and scalability or higher reliability of communications. Those are the objectives in several of the research papers and projects below.

Research

Key concepts suggested in scientific papers discussing 5G and beyond4Gwireless communications are:

  • Massive Dense Networks also known as Massive Distributed MIMO providing green flexible small cells 5G Green Dense Small Cells. A transmission point equipped with a very large number of antennas that simultaneously serve multiple users. With massive MIMO multiple messages for several terminals can be transmitted on the same time-frequency resource, maximisingbeamforming gain while minimising interference.
  • Advanced interference and mobility management, achieved with the cooperation of different transmission points with overlapped coverage, and encompassing the option of a flexible usage of resources for uplink and downlink transmission in each cell, the option of direct device-to-device transmission and advanced interference cancellation techniques.
  • Efficient support of machine-type devices to enable theInternet of Thingswith potentially higher numbers of connected devices, as well as novel applications such as mission critical control or traffic safety, requiring reduced latency and enhanced reliability.
  • The usage of millimetre wave frequencies (e.g. up to 90GHz) for wireless backhaul and/or access (IEEE rather than ITU generations)
  • Pervasive networksprovidingInternet of things,wireless sensor networksandubiquitous computing: The user can simultaneously be connected to several wireless access technologies and seamlessly move between them (SeeMedia independent handoverorvertical handover,IEEE 802.21, also expected to be provided by future 4G releases. See alsomultihoming.). These access technologies can be 2.5G, 3G, 4G, or 5G mobile networks,Wi-Fi,WPAN, or any other future access technology. In 5G, the concept may be further developed into multiple concurrent data transfer paths.
  • Multi-hop networks: A major issue in beyond 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell, especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed bycellular repeatersandmacro-diversitytechniques, also known asgroup cooperative relay, where also users could be potential cooperative nodes thanks to the use of direct device-to-device (D2D) communications.
  • Cognitive radiotechnology, also known as smart-radio: allowing different radio technologies to share the same spectrum efficiently by adaptively finding unused spectrum and adapting the transmission scheme to the requirements of the technologies currently sharing the spectrum. This dynamicradio resource managementis achieved in a distributed fashion, and relies onsoftware-defined radio.See also theIEEE 802.22standard for Wireless Regional Area Networks.
  • Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks(DAWN),essentially identical toMobile ad hoc network(MANET),Wireless mesh network(WMN) orwireless grids, combined withsmart antennas,cooperative diversityand flexible modulation.
  • Vandermonde-subspace frequency division multiplexing (VFDM): a modulation scheme to allow the co-existence of macro-cells andcognitive radiosmall-cells in a two-tiered LTE/4G network.[17]
  • IPv6, where a visiting care-ofmobile IPaddress is assigned according to location and connected network.[14]
  • Wearable deviceswithAIcapabilities.[1]such assmartwatchesandoptical head-mounted displaysforaugmented reality
  • One unified global standard.[1]
  • Real wireless worldwith no more limitation with access and zone issues.[14]
  • User centric(orcell phone developer initiated) network concept instead of operator-initiated (as in 1G) or system developer initiated (as in 2G, 3G and 4G) standards[18]
  • Li-Fi, or light fidelity, is a massive MIMOvisible light communicationnetwork to advance 5G. Li-Fi useslight-emitting diodesto transmit data, rather than radio waves likeWi-Fi.
  • World wide wireless web(WWWW), i.e. comprehensive wireless-based web applications that include full multimedia capability beyond 4G speeds.

Conclusion

I have presented in this paper an extensive review that captures diverse technology used in the mobiles and wireless communications. Genetic algorithm (and other evolutionary computing techniques) have been shown to be very useful in optimization problems such as network design, antenna design and resource allocation. ANNs offer powerful prediction capability due to its great generalization power and learning capability. Fuzzy logic, which is the backbone of soft computing, is suitable for tracking imprecision and uncertainty. This is very useful for innovative control, load balancing and handoff decisions. Wireless and mobile communications applications are subject to the uncertainty, ambiguity, nonlinearity and complex nature of their respective networks.

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