Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock

E4085v11

Zambia Agriculture Research Institute

Private Bag 7 Chilanga, Zambia

Agricultural Productivity Program

for Southern Africa

Pest Management Plan

(PMP)

3 January 2013

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1The APPSA Program

1.2Pests and Crop Productivity

1.3Purpose and Objectives of the PMP

2.Common Pests in Food Legumes Cropping System

2.1Insects

2.2Diseases

2.3Seed borne Diseases

2.4Weeds

3.Pest Management

3.1Physical and Mechanical Pest Control

3.2Chemical Pest Control

3.3Biological Pest Control

3.4Integrated Approach to Pest Control

3.5Status Review of Pest Management in Zambia

4.Pest Management Plan

4.1World Bank Requirements

4.2Applicable Guidelines for Pest Management in Zambia

4.3Pest Management Plan

4.3.1Implementation Plan

4.3.2Institutional Roles and Responsibilities

4.3.3Training and Capacity Building

4.3.4Monitoring and Reporting

4.3.5Proposed Budget

References

Appendices

Appendix 1: Precautions for Using Pesticides

Appendix 2: Pesticides Banned under the Stockholm Convention

Appendix 3: Pesticides Hazard Warning and Toxicity Colour Coding

Appendix 4: Guidelines for Transportation of Pesticides

Appendix 5: Warehousing and Storage Requirements

Appendix 6: Protective Clothing and Cleaning Equipment

Appendix 7: Disposal Options

Appendix 8: Instructions for cleaning up spills and leaked pesticides

Appendix 9: Banned pesticides under SAN, EPA, EU, POPs, PIC and PAN

Appendix 10: List of People Interviewed

List of Tables

Table 1: Some important seed borne organisms of relevance to Zambia Remove maize, sorghum and rice

Table 2: Insecticides recommended and used by different stakeholders

Table 3: Herbicides recommended and used by different stakeholders

Table 4: Fungicides recommended and used by different stakeholders

Table 5: Insecticides Phased out, Banned, or Restricted

Table 6: Banned , Restricted Or No Longer In Use Pesticides That Are Still In Recommendation In Zambia

Table 7: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities

Table 8: PMP Action Plan and Budget

Table 9: PMP Monitoring Plan

Table 10: Cost of Implementing the PMP

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

ADSP-Agricultural Development Support Programme

APPSA-Agricultural Productivity Programme for Southern Africa

CCARDESACentre for Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development forSouthern Africa

RCoL-Regional Centre of Leadership

EA-Environmental Assessment

EIA-Environmental Impact Assessment

EIS-Environmental Impact Statement

EMA-Environmental Management Act

EMP-Environmental Management Plan

EPA -Environmental Protection Agency

EU-European Union

ESMF-Environment and Social Management Framework

FLRCoL-Food Legumes Regional Centre of Leadership

FOREX-Foreign Exchange

GART-Golden Valley Agricultural Research Trust

IDA-International Development Agency

IPM-Integrated Pest Management

LC-Lethal Concentration

LD-Lethal Dose

MAL-Ministry Of Agriculture and Livestock

MSc-Master of Science

MSDS-Material Safety Data Sheet

NAIS-National Agricultural Information Services

NGOs-Non Governmental Organisations

NISIR-National Institute for Scientific Research

NPE-National Policy on Environment

OP-Operational Policy

PAN-Pesticide Action Network

PhD-Doctor of Philosophy

PIC-Prior Informed Consent

POP-Persistent Organic Pollutants

PPE-Personal Protective Equipment

PMP-Pest Management Plan

PDO-Project Development Objective

RAP-Resettlement Action Plan

RCoL-Regional Centre of Leadership

R&D-Research and Development

SADC-Southern Africa Development Community

SAN-Sustainable Agriculture Network

SCCI-Seed Control and Certification Institute

TA-Technical Assistance

UNZA-University of Zambia

WB-World Bank

WHO-World health Organisation

ZARI- Zambia Agriculture Research Institute

ZEMA-Zambia Environmental Management Agency

ZNBC-Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author of this report, ShadreckYonaNsongela, contracted as an independent Consultant wishes to express gratitude to the Zambia Agricultural Research Institute (ZARI), the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAL) and the World Bank (WB) for entrusting the task of preparing this report to him. Particular appreciation is expressed to Dr. Moses Mwale, Director of ZARI, Dr Indira JanakiEkanayake, Senior Agriculturist at the WB and Ms.ThandiGxaba, Senior Environmental Specialist also from the WB for their valuable support and untiring guidance in the course of preparing the report.

Successful accomplishment of this work would not have been possible without the support of many other stakeholders including commodity research team members from research institutions across the country for their support in information provision.. To all these people too numerous to mention I remain indebted and express my heartfelt gratitude.

1.INTRODUCTION

This Pest Management Plan (PMP) has been prepared in compliance with the provisions of the World Bank Operational Policy 4.09 triggered by some activities proposed under the Agricultural Productivity Program for Southern Africa (APPSA). Relevant activities under the APPSA program include those to do with technology generation and dissemination covering breeding and production of seed, treatment as well as storage of seeds. These activities together with farming activities (Demonstration plots) are all vulnerable to pest attack and involve the management of pests in one way or another. In view of the above there is need for effective management of pests in a manner that does not pose health and safety risks to the farmer, users of products, the public and the enviornment – water, soils and biodiversity inclusive of which this PMP addresses.

The report which was prepared through literature review and interviews with experts and other stakeholders (Appendix 10) is made up of an Introductory Chapter, a review of common pests which may be relevant to the APPSA program, a review of applicable pest management options and finally a management plan presenting recommendations on pest management under the APPSA project.

Key study limitations included inability to conduct widespread field consultations with farmers and observations due to time limitations and logistical problems encountered. Limited availability of literature on the subject in the local context was another limitation faced.

1.1The APPSA Program

The Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAL), is seeking funding from the World Bank for the implementation of the Agricultural Productivity Program for Southern Africa (APPSA). The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to improve the availability of agricultural technologies within and across SADC countries. Realisation of this objective will be through:

Establishing Regional Centers of Leadership (RCoLs) on commodities of regional importance, thereby allowing regional specialization around priority farming systems and more strategic investment in agricultural research capacity;
Supporting regional collaboration in agricultural training and dissemination; and
Facilitating increased sharing of agricultural information, knowledge, and technology among participating countries.

The program has three components:

1)Technology generation and dissemination: This component will support collaborative Research and Development (R&D) projects involving the participation of at least two countries with a focus on regional priorities. Technology generation will cover the full range including germplasm collection and characterization, germplasm improvement (plant breeding), crop management, and post-harvest activities including processing and storage. Beyond research APPSA will support the expansion of seed multiplication capacity by RCoLs to increase the availability of seed for further scaling up (e.g., by farmer-producers, seed marketing companies, farmers associations, NGOs, or private firms). APPSA will also support production of innovative farm implements or machinery to be used or tested in pilot schemes.

Funding will also include activities which will ensure that technologies generated are made available to farmers and other end users. This will be done by leveraging existing dissemination systems by addressing limitations in the system such as weak research-extension linkages; low human capacity within extension; inadequate technology reference manuals, bulletins, information leaflets at extension level; lack of harmonization of information packaging; inappropriate packaging of extension messages; limited information flow and feedback within the system; limited use of mass communication channels; and inadequate training. Apart from building dissemination capacity in research and associated institutions within MAL such as the Agricultural Information Services (NAIS) other institutions will include NGOs, private firms and learning institutions.

2)Strengthening Regional Centers of Leadership: Coordinated by ZARI at its Kabwe Research Station, Component 2 will support activities to strengthen the core capacity of RCoLsthrough: (i) upgrading of research infrastructure including physical infrastructure; farm, laboratory, and office equipment; and information technology and knowledge management systems; (ii)improving administration and performance management systems; (iii) developing human capital including by providing scientific training at the post graduate level and by upgrading skills through short courses or targeted training; and (iv) strengthening seed production capacity, seed regulatory functions, and related services. Apart from ZARI, other institutions to benefit will include the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAL) through strengthened technology dissemination capacity and to the Golden Valley Agricultural Research Trust (GART) whose capacity will be built for research on cereals such as rice, and maize that are grown as part of the food legume - -based farming systems. Other areas of support will include addressing gaps in scientific capacity that have been identified in breeding, agronomy, pathology, entomology, biometrics, soil fertility, farming systems, genetic conservation, extension, and information management. APPSA will finance short- and long-term training at the MSc and PhD levels.

3)Coordination and Facilitation: This component will focus on ensuring that all essential project coordination functions are effectively carried out including planning, implementation of project activities, management and administration, monitoring and evaluation, safeguards compliance, and regional engagement.

At the regional levelAPPSA will finance regional facilitation activities including: (i) planning, monitoring and evaluation activities related regional collaboration; (ii) regional exchange of information, knowledge and technologies; and (iii) technical assistance and capacity building. This will be done through CCARDESA who will play an important role in facilitating the development of R&D projects, including facilitating peer review and quality control.

Another area of focus under component 3 is R&D policy analysis and dialogue: APPSA financing will support analytical work, needs assessments, and policy dialogue or policy harmonization activities in key areas that affect R&D at national and regional level. Work will focus on clarification of intellectual property rights, operationalization of the SADC harmonized seed regulatory system, implementation of biosafety regulations, and similar topics.

1.2Pests and Crop Productivity

The term pest in crop production refers to an external biological agent which competes with and interferes with the proper growth and development of a target crop. Examples include weeds, insects and disease pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. Damage to the crop may arise from competition for available nutrients, water, light or space or may manifest by way of harm where a particular pest subsists and feeds on the plant or transmits disease pathogens. Pests can thus either directly harm the plant or may pave way for secondary infestation by disease or other pests. Arising from this damage the crop may not be able to realise its full productive potential or may even die. Interviews with ZARI field staff showed that crop damage can be as high as 100% if for example the bean stem maggot is not controlled (Muimui, 2012, pers com). The current invasion of army worms in Chongwe District and other parts of the country are also reported to have wiped out some maize fields (ZNBC TV documentary, 15 December 2012). Pest management is thus vital for sustained agricultural productivity because without proper pest management a farmer’s effort can be of no benefit.

1.3Purpose and Objectives of the PMP

This Pest Management Plan (PMP) has been prepared as a supplement to the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF). It is meant to be used as a guide to pest management in the food legume crops technology development and dissemination activities ofthe APPSA program. The Plan has been prepared in compliance with the WB’s Operational Policy 4.09, the Pesticides and Toxic Substances Regulations (Statutory Instrument no. 20 of 1994 under the EMA (CAP 204 of the Laws of Zambia), the Plant Pests and Diseases Regulation Act (CAP 231 of the Laws of Zambia). Specific objectives of the PMP are:

To review the relationship between pests and crop productivity
To identify common pests likely to affect implementation of the APPSA program on food legumes technology generation and dissemination
To explore alternative ways of managing pests and recommend environmentally friendly and socially acceptable approaches to pest management in the APPSA program
To identify issues of concern in pesticide use and recommend measures for enhanced public and occupational health and safety.

2.Common Pests in Food Legumes Cropping System

Four food legume crops are targeted under the RCoL program namely common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), groundnuts (Arachishypogeae), soybeans (Glycine max) and cowpea (Vignaunguiculata). Non legume crops to be covered include maize (Zea mays), Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour) and rice (Oryzasativa). All these crops are vulnerable to pest attack. The table below present common pests and diseases that affect production of the above named crops in Zambia.

2.1Insects

American bollworm: (Helliothisarmigera)larvae feed on bud, flowers and bolls of cotton, on tomato, on bud and pods of beans and peas, on the milky-ripe grain of maize cobs, sorghum and wheat. Also sunflower and groundnuts may be severely attacked. The larvae bore into and feed on the inner parts of the fruits or plant, often with the hind part of the body exposed.

Aphids (aphididae) are small, soft bodied, more or less pear shaped polyphagus insects. They live in colonies on different parts of the plant, mostly on young shooters and leaves. They pierce and suck the plants and also produce a sugary extract which encourages the development of “sooty mould”. They also transmit viruses.

Army –worm (spodoptera sp.)Feed on plants of numerous families including, groundnuts, maize, beans, sorghum, wheat, tobacco, tomato, rice and okra. The older stages of the caterpillars devours the leaves of their hosts completely or leave only the midrib, while young caterpillars crap off the tissue on one side of the leaves so that they dry up.

Bean fly or bean stem maggot (Ophiomyiaphaseoli) it is the significant pest on beans. The small, black flies insert their eggs into the primary leaves of the seedlings. They attack the petiole and main stem to the base of the stem, where the feeding cause the swelling and cracking of the stem. Young plants when attacked start wilting and eventually die.

Beetles Feed on various parts of many crops. They cause damage to the leaves and they can also destroy the flowers so that fruit and seed setting is affected. For example, lady birds (epilachnasp.) may skeletonise the leaves of maize, wheat and cucurbits, and may cause them to shrivel dry up. Blister beetles, or pollen beetles (mylabris sp.), black with red orange or yellow transverse bands, feed on the flowers of crops such as groundnuts, cowpea, beans, pasture legumes and okra, and are able to completely destroy the fruit and prevent seed setting.

Bugs (heteroptera sp.) are very destructive pests which may cause great damage to many crops and are found sucking on leaves, stems, petioles, flowers and buds causing whole plants to wilt, dry up and eventually die. The grains and seeds of cereals, especially rice, wheat, sorghum and sunflower, are important sources of food for a number of bug species.

Cutworms (agritos sp.) may cause considerable damage in nurseries and newly planted fields by cutting the roots and lower stems of seedlings. During the day they remain hidden in the soil, near their host.

Grass hoppers (acridoidea) Chews the leaves of plants and will attack a wide range of crops. They can also be transmitters of virus.

Leaf hoppers (cicadellidaejassidae) generally live in scattered colonies on the underside of leaves where they suck the sap, and damage the plants through their feeding and toxic salivary. They are probably more damaging as vectors of virus diseases. Their main hosts are maize, cotton, rice and groundnuts.

Mites (tetranychidae) are tiny, yellow or cream coloured and feed on the underside of the leaves and also produce a speckling of very small, white or yellowish spots on the leaves. The spider mites attack numerous plants for including beans, cotton, groundnuts, tomatoes, egg - plant and cucurbits.

Nematodes or eel worms (meloidogyne sp., Heterodera sp., Phatylenchus sp.)Are whitish transparent microscopic, cylindrical worms and spend some of their time in the soil, penetrating the roots of the plants forming galls (root knot nematodes.).The root system is eventually stunted and reduced. Nematodes attack a great number of plant species, including beans, potatoes, sunflower, etc.

Stem- or Stalk borers (busseolafusca, sesamia, calamistris, chilopartellus) Feed as young larvae on the leaves while the older larvae bore into stems and inflorescences, and causeso called dead heart effect. Stalk borers are severe pests on maize, sorghum and wheat.

Thrips (thripidae) are small slender insects, 1-2mm long that pierces and suck the leaves of onions, tobacco, groundnuts, Lucerne and green legumes.

White fly (bemisiatabaci) Is a tiny white insect with about 1mm in length, they live in colonies on the underside of the leaves where they suck the sup and cause leaf fall etc. direct injury is caused to many including cowpeas. They also transmit viruses.

2.2Diseases

Crops targeted under the program are susceptible to many diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, micro plasma and nematodes. These organisms survive and propagate in various ways and may survive on plant residue, in soil, in alternate host and in or on the seed of plants. Key diseases of the target crops are as listed below: