Military Intelligence

FM 2-0 (Intelligence Field Manual)
Warfighting functions in general (Intelligence is one warfighting function)
Maneuver
Intelligence
Fire Support
Air Defense Artillery
Command and Control
Logistics
Mobility, Survivability, Counter-Mobility
Intelligence assists the commander in
Visualizing his battlespace
Organizing his forces
Controlling operations to achieve the desired tactical objectives or end-state.
Intelligence supports force protection by alerting the commander to emerging threats and assisting in security operations.
Forms of intelligence
HUMINT – Human intelligence
SIGINT-Signal intelligence
IMINT – Imagery intelligence
TECHINT- Technical Intelligence
MASINT-Measures and Signals Intelligence
CI-Counter Intelligence
S2 is the intelligence section
Half of the Military Intelligence branch works at the CORP or higher
Brigade (S2)
Battalion(S2)
35D – MAJ, CPT, 1 LT
96B - Enlisted
The four intelligence tasks
Support to Situational Understanding
Tasks
Perform IPB
Perform Situational Development
Provide intelligence Support to Force Protection
Conduct Police Intelligence Operations
Commander’s Focus
Plan the mission
Execute the operation
Secure the force
Commander’s Decisions
Which COA will I implement?
Which enemy actions are expected?
Support to Strategic Responsiveness
Tasks
Perform Indicators and Warnings (I&W)
Ensure intelligence readiness
Conduct area study of foreign countries
Support sensitive site exploitation
Commander’s focus
Orient on contingencies
Commander’s decisions
Should I increase the unit’s level of readiness
Should I implement the OPLAN (Operation plan)
Counter Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
Tasks
Preform intelligence synchronization
Preform Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) Integration
Conduct tactical Reconnaissance
Conduct surveillance
Commander’s focus
Plan the mission
Prepare
Execute
Assess
Commander’s decisions
Which DPs, HPTs, etc. are linked to the enemy actions?
Are assets available and in position to collect on the DPs and HPTs etc?
Have the assets been repositioned for contingency mission?
Provide Intelligence Support to Effects
Tasks
Provide intelligence support to targeting
Provide intelligence support to IO
Provide intelligence support to Combat assessment
Commander’s focus
Destroy/Suppress/neutralize targets
Reposition intelligence or attack assets
Commander’s Decisions
Is my fire (lethal or non-lethal) and maneuver effective
Should I refire the same targets
Intelligence Preparation for Battlefield/Battlespace (IPB)
FM 34-130
IPB is the systematic, continuous process of analyzing the threat and the environment in a specific geographic area.
Answer the commander’s questions about
Terrain
Weather
Enemy Situation
Helps commanders to selectively apply combat power at critical points in time and space on the battlefield.
Describes the environment and its effects
Determining the threat’s likely Course of Action (COA).
Who conducts IPB
Conducted at all levels (different levels of detail are required)
S2 and G2 lead in IPB
Process remains the same regardless of Audience, only the products may change.
Everyone in the US Army conducts IPB in some form
Four steps of IPB
Define the Battlefield Environment
Area of operation – the physical space where your unit is authorized to conduct operations. Given to you by your higher headquarters.
Area of Interest-The physical area where enemy forces or their actions may affect your unit’s mission. Determined by the S2 and commander.
Describe the Battlefield Effects
Analyze the battlefield with regards to
Terrain (Urban, Complex Terrain)
Terrain Analysis
Military Aspects of Terrain (OCOKA/OAKOC)
Lines of communication(roads, rail, waterways)
Cross-country movement overlay
Drainage overlay
Military Aspects of Terrain (OKOKA)
Observation – the ability of a force to see the enemy either visually or through the use of surveillance devices.
From where can the enemy see me?
Where can I see the enemy from here?
Fields of fire-An area that a weapon or groups of weapons can effectively cover with fire from a given position.
From where can the enemy shoot me?
Where can I shoot the enemy from here?
Cover-Physical protection from the effects of both direct and indirect fires.
Concealment-protection from observation
Obstacles – Natural or man-made terrain features that stop, impede, or divert military movement.
Obstacles are the foundation of an engagement area.
Can I stop/slow the enemy here long enough to mass fires upon him.
Will the enemy stop/slow me here and try to mass fires upon me?
Use the (Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay) MCOO to graphically depict obstacles
Key Terrain-Any natural or man-made feature which gives the force which controls it an advantage.
Consider the following when analyzing terrain.
Mission
Level of Command
Type of Unit
Does the terrain aid me in the accomplishment of my mission?
Does the terrain aid the enemy in the accomplishment of his mission?
Avenues of Approach
Air or ground route of an attacking force which leads to the objective or key terrain within its path.
On the attack ask - what route can I take to the objective?
In the defense, ask – what route could the enemy take to get to me or the objective?
Always consider both mounted and dismounted avenues of approach.
Develop a MCOO to identify avenues of approach.
Consider (Doctrinal distances, formations, speeds, maneuver space)
Classify terrain as it pertains to maneuverability into one of three categories.
Unrestricted – free of any restriction to movement. Units move at doctrinal speeds/distances. Nothing needs to be done to enhance mobility.
Restricted- Terrain hinders movement. Units must adjust doctrinal distances or speeds. Some effort required to enhance mobility.
Severely Restricted-terrain severely hinders movement. Units cannot travel at doctrinal distances and speeds.
Logistical Infrastructure (sources of potable water, power production facilities, natural resources, communications systems, religious beliefs).
Population demographics( education levels, cultural distinctions, religious beliefs)
Economic conditions
Politics( local, regional, and international treaties; unofficial politics –warlords, and gangs.
Weather (FM 34-81-1)
Visibility
Light Data
Begin Morning Nautical Twilight (BMNT)
End Evening Nautical Twilight (EENT)
Sunrise
Sunset
Moon Phases
Laser range finding
Poor visibility increases light infantry survivability.
Winds
Smoke / Chemical dispersion
Decrease trajectory data and first hit probability
Affects airborne, air assault, aviation operations
Precipitation
Degrades mobility
Limits visibility
Degrades weapons effectiveness
Affects troop Morale
Cloud Cover
Heavy cloud clover limits illumination and solar heating of targets.
Degrades many target acquisition systems
Ceiling affects aviation operations
Temperature and Humidity
Extreme temperature reduces personnel effectiveness
Low temperature degrade ballistics of weapons
Temperature can effect vehicle performance
High humidity decreases stamina of foot soldier
Describe the battlefields effects on threat / friendly capabilities and board courses of action.
Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay (MCOO) is the ultimate product
Evaluate the Threat
Do not underestimate your opponent
Doctrinal template (DOCTEMP) – Illustrate the deployment pattern and disposition preferred by the threat’s normal tactics when not constrained by the effects of the battlefield environment.
Usually a scaled graphical depiction of threat dispositions for a particular type of standard operations.
E.g. (Battalion movement to contact, an insurgent ambush, terrorist kidnapping).
Description of tactics and options
Operations of the major units or elements portrayed on the template.
Activities of the different battlefield operating systems
Listing or description of options available to the threat should the operation fail (branches), or subsequent operations if it succeeds (sequels).
Identify high value target
HVTS - Assets the Commander requires to accomplish his mission
High Payoff Targets are the targets (HVTS) that belong to the enemy that we must kill to be successful.
Identify threat capabilities
Four tactical broad COAs (Operational Capabilities) open to military forces in conventional operations.
Attack, Defend, Reinforce, Conduct a retrograde
Broad COAs can be divided into a variety of more specific COAs.
Battle Operating System (BOS) Capabilities (Equipment and Capabilities)
Examples
Use of NBC, Use of supporting air assets, Intelligence collection, electronic warfare, Engineering Operations, Air assault or airborne operations, Amphibious assaults, Psychological warfare (PSYOP), deceptive operations.
Identify Threat Course of Actions
Identify the threat’s likely objectives and desired end state
What does the enemy seek to do to us
How does the enemy define success
How can we deny him success
Identify full set of COAs available to the threat SITEMPs (Situation Templates)
Develop as many potential COAs as time allows
Criteria (suitability, feasibility, acceptability, uniqueness, consistency with doctrine).
Situation templates – are graphical depictions of the expected threat dispositions should he adopt a particular COA.
Enemy SOP (Threat Model) + Environment (Terrain Model) = Enemy COA (SITEMP)
Evaluate and prioritize each COA
Develop each COA in the amount of detail time allows
What, when, where, how, why
Identify initial collection requirements
IPB for special staff and support units
The products will be slightly different
The process remains the same
Situation Development – the act of quickly compiling, displaying, and analyzing the current battle as it relates to the enemy and friendly forces.
Based upon the collection effort and the unit’s effort to answer the Commander’s critical information requirements
Determines which COA the enemy has adopted
May identify some HVT not initially named during IPB process
Based on the Priority Intelligence Requirements
Helps the commander make decisions
Force Protection
Determines if friendly forces are
Under threat of enemy action
In proper security posture
Informed of the threat
Subversion and Espionage Directed against the U.S. Army (SAEDA)
Subversion – Sabotage or terrorist acts
Espionage- Spying(Internal and External)
Counterintelligence measures
Practice camouflage principles and techniques
Practice noise and light discipline
Practice field sanitization
Use proper radiotelephone procedure
Specific examples
Do not take personal letters or pictures into combat areas
Do not keep diaries in combat areas
Be careful when discussing military affairs
Report anyone that tries to get information about US operations
Discuss military operations only with those that have a need to know
Remind fellow soldiers of their counterintelligence responsibilities
What defines a SAEDA incident
Attempts by unauthorized personnel to obtain classified information
Attempts by unauthorized personnel to obtain unclassified yet FOUO information.
Acts of treason espionage and treason by Army personnel
Contact with persons known or suspected to be a foreign agent or terrorist
Discovery of surveillance devices near sensitive areas
What if I’m approached
Stay calm, get information, buy time then report.
Don’t try to apprehend, make deals, agreements, or think about anything.
Reporting procedures
Recall as many details as possible as soon as possible. Make notes of what occurred.
Contact your S2 / security manager
Inform as few as people as possible (generally only two your S2 and your commander).
If outside the U.S. report it to nearest military authority or U.S. Embassy/Consulate.
Support to Strategic Responsiveness
Strategic responsiveness focuses on factors and variables that affect where soldiers will live, work, and fight. It is a composite of all conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of military forces and bear on the decisions of the unit Commander.
Eleven Critical Variables in the Operational Environment
Information
Information-based society
Information technology
Information warfare
Information systems attack
Psychological warfare
Deception
Media and global information flow
Transparency (access to data)
Sway public and political opinion
Strategic implication of the tactical incident
How planning is effected by an incident
Economics
Haves and have-nots
Economic v. military superiority
Ability to buy military technology or to conduct prolonged operations
Regional and global relationships can result in military or political assistances.
Time (Drives decision making capabilities)
Opponents see time as being in their advantage
Adjust to the nature of the conflict
Control U.S. entry
Dictate the tempo
Outlast the U.S. will to continue
Makeup of population
Cultural, religious, ethnicity
Failed or failing state
Devotion to cause / hatred of another group
Refugees and displaced persons
Urban environments
ROE has to address
Difficulty distinguishing friend from foe
Presence of children/women
Short range of contact/time to react
Involvement of civilians from both sides
Physical Environment
Military forces are optimized for certain environments
Less complex and open environments (desert plains) favor the U.S.
Urban and complex terrains enemies will use to their advantage.
Military Capabilities (Most critical and complex factor)
U.S. has overall technological advantage
Conventional warfare is generally used against local and regional actors.
Adaptive (asymmetric) warfare is generally used when the U.S. becomes involved.
Weapons of Mass Destruction in Third World States
Negate US advantages
Threaten higher causalities
Complicate military planning
Perception of military strength
Interfere with force build up / early entry
Complicate operations
Requires protective measures
Nations that have nuclear weapons
US, UK, France, Russia, Pakistan, India, China, North Korea, Israel.
Nations suspected of have nuclear weapons
Libya, Iran
External Organization
International humanitarian assistance
Natural and man-made disasters
Disease, hunger, and poverty
Growing in influence and power
Willingness to become involved in crisis situations
Stated and hidden objectives
Favorable to U.S. and provide assistance
Adverse to U.S. or create conflict
Make mistakes
Alliances and Coalitions
National Will (Victory often depends on will)
People, government, and military.
Objectives and duration of conflict.
Attack the opponent’s national will and try to preserve your own
U.S. National will as a vulnerability
Technology
Symmetric Capabilities
Level the playing field
Systems of similar capabilities or more advanced than our own
Asymmetric
Counters to our high tech systems
Less advanced systems in complex/urban settings
Selected niche areas
Low-cost, high-payoff new technologies
Precision munitions
Technological surprise
Nature and Stability of State
Who is in charge (Where is the real strength)
Political Leadership
Military
Police
How strong or shaky
Nature and aims of military campaign
Kinds of threats present
Threat – Any specific foreign nation or organization with intentions and military capabilities that suggest it could be adversarial or challenge the security interests of the United States, its friends, or allies.
Actors – nation states (countries) and non-nation actors
Categories of nation states
Core States (Major powers)
Dominate World Powers
Most conflict with global consequences will involve the core states
Transition States (Want-to-be)
Larger, industrialized countries that want to be core states
China, India, Indonesia, Russia
Rogue States (Hostile)
Countries hostile to their neighbors.
Weaker countries but still a threat
Seek weapons of mass destruction
Support and sell arms to terrorists
Iran, North Korea, Cuba, Libya
Failed or Failing States (Instability)
Weaker countries falling apart
Revolution
Economic collapse
Definitions are fluid and based on
Economics
Politics (Internal and External)
Expeditionary Military
Multinational Alliances and Coalitions
NATO and OPEC
Non-nation Actors
Rogue Actors
Terrorists
Drug-trafficking
Criminal
Third Party Actors
Media
External Organizations
Civilians
Analysis of Situation Development (So What)
What does this mean?
Why would the enemy do this?
Determines the enemy’s future intentions
Conduct Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
The intelligence officer synchronizes intelligence support to the ISR effort by focusing the collection, processing, analysis, and intelligence products on the critical needs of the Commander.
The operations officer (in coordination with the intelligence officer) tasks and directs the available ISR assets to answer the commander’s critical information requirements (CCIRs).
Four subtasks of ISR
Perform intelligence synchronization
Perform ISR integration
Conduct tactical reconnaissance
Conduct surveillance
ISR
CCIR (Priority Information Requirements and Friendly Force Information Requirements)
A prioritized list of the remaining intelligence requirements
Evaluate ISR assets and resources
All of the assigned ISR tasks
Surveillance – involves continuously observing an area to collect information. Wide-area and focused surveillance provides valuable information
Reconnaissance – assets collect information and can validate current intelligence or predictions. Reconnaissance units, unlike other units, are designed to collect information.
Orient the reconnaissance asset on the named area of interest (NAI) and/or reconnaissance objective in a timely manner.
Report all information rapidly and accurately
Complete the mission NLT the time specified in the order
Answer the requirement that prompted the task
Collectors must ask Four Questions of an NAI
Why is it important to look there?
What do you expect to see?
When should we expect to see it?
How long do we need to look?
FM 34-8 Intelligence Battlefield Operating System (BOS)
Salute Report (Size, Activity, Uniform, Time, Equipment)
The Five S’s (Search, Silence, Segregate, Safeguard, Speed to the Rear)
Search
As soon as they are captured
Take weapons and papers, except identification papers and protective masks.
Give a written receipt for any personal property and documents taken.
Tag documents and personal property to show which PW had them
Before evacuating a PW attach a tag to him (Made yourself or provide by Battalion S2)
PW documents can be a good source of information
Give such documents to leader quickly, so information is not lost or become out-of-date.
Segregate PWs by sex
Subgroups
Enlisted Personnel
Civilians
Political Figures
Subgroups keeps leaders from prompting escape efforts
Silence
Do not let them talk to each other
Report anything a PW says or does
This keeps PW from planning escape and cautioning each other on security.
Speed – Quickly move to rear (Leader will reassemble them and move them to the rear for questioning by the S2).
Safeguard
Do not let anyone abuse them.
Watch for escape attempts
Do not let PWs bunch up, spread out too far, or start diversions
If a PW is wounded and cannot be evacuated through normal channels, he will be evacuated through medical channels.
Provide intelligence Support to Effects
The task of providing the commander information and intelligence support for targeting of the threats forces, threat organizations, units and systems through lethal and non-lethal fires to include electronic attack and information operations.
Subtasks
Provide intelligence Support to targeting
Target Development – Systematic analysis of the enemy forces and operations to determine HVTs, systems, and system components for potential attack through maneuver, fires, or information.
Target Detection – Establishes procedures for dissemination of targeting information.