Midterm Study Guide Spring 2016
Chapters covered on the midterm
●Chapter 12 Sections 1&2
●Chapter 8 Sections 1-3
●Chapter 2 Sections 1-3
●Chapter 3 Sections 1&2
Review all vocabs words from the sections covered
Chapter 12 Inheritance patterns and human genetics
Section 1
●Distinguish between sex chromosomes and autosomes.
○X and Y chromosomes
○How many autosomes
●Explain the role of sex chromosomes in sex determination
●Describe how an X or Y linked gene affects the inheritance of traits
●Explain the effect of crossing-over on the inheritance of genes in linkage groups
●Distinguish between chromosome mutations and gene mutations
○Germ cell mutations vs somatic cell mutations
○Deletion
○Translocation
○Nondisjunction
○Point mutation
○Substitution
Section 2
●Analyze pedigrees to determine how genetic traits and genetic disorders are inherited
○Know what the symbols on a pedigree mean
●Summarize the different patterns of inheritance seen in genetic traits and genetic disorders
●Explain the inheritance of ABO blood groups
○Polygenic traits
○Complex characters
○Multiple alleles
○Codominance
●Compare sex-linked and with non sex-linked traits
●Explain how geneticists can detect and treat genetic disorders
Chapter 8 Cell reproduction
Section1
●Describe the structure of a chromosome
○be able to identify sister chromatids, homologous chromosomes, and centromeres
●Compare the numbers of chromosomes in different species
○what is the human haploid and diploid numbers
○Know which human cells are haploid or diploid
○be able to identify the number of chromosomes in a haploid cell if given the diploid number and vice versa
●Explain the differences between sex chromosomes and autosomes
●Distinguish between diploid and haploid cells
Section 2
●Name the two parts of the cell that are equally divided during cell division in eukaryotes
●Summarize the events of interphase
○know the three divisions and what occurs in each phase
●Name and describe the phases of Mitosis
○know the four phases and what happens in each phase
●Explain how division is controlled
Section 3
●Compare the end products of meiosis with those of mitosis
●Summarize the events of meiosis one
○what important events take place during this round of division?
○how many cells are made?
○Are they the same? why or why not?
●Explain crossing-over and how it contributes to the production of unique individuals
●Summarize the events of meiosis two
○how many cells are made?
○Are they the same? why or why not?
Chapter 2
Section 1
●Define the term matter
●Explain the relationship between elements and atoms
●Draw and label a model of the structure of a carbon atom
●Explain how compounds affect an atom’s stability
●Contrast covalent and ionic bonds
Section 2
●Describe the physical properties of each of the states of matter
●Describe the role of reactant and products in chemical reactions
●Explain the relationship between enzymes and activation energy
Section 3
●Describe the structure of a water molecule
●Explain how water’s polar nature affects its ability to dissolve substances
●Outline the relationship between hydrogen bonding and the different properties of water
○Cohesion
○Surface tension
○Adhesion
○Capillarity
●Identify the roles of solutes and solvents in solutions
●Differentiate between acids and bases
○pH values
Chapter 3
Section 1
●Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds
○what is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?
○what are the different biological macromolecules and their respective monomers and polymers
●explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules
○why is it important that carbon can form up to four chemical bonds?
●be able to identify the purpose of functional groups in biological molecules
●summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and broken down
○what is the name and difference between the two types of reactions?
●describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to drive chemical reactions
○be able to recognize the shape of ATP
Section 2
●Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
○be able to identify the general structure of a monosaccharide
●explain the relationship between amino acids and protein structure
●describe how enzymes function
○what is the active site?
○how does that relate to the substrate and the enzyme’s function?
●compare the structure and function of each of the different types of lipids
●compare the nucleic acids DNA and RNA
○what are the three differences between them?