Supplementary Material

Current and future emission estimates of exhaust gases and particles from shipping at the largest port in Korea

Sang-Keun Songa, Zang-Ho Shonb,*

aDepartment of Earth and Marine Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea

bDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea

Keywords: Ship emission; Busan Port; Activity-based method; Future scenario; Air pollutant

* Corresponding author: Dept. of Environment Engineering, Dong-Eui University, 995 Eom Gwang No, Busan Jin Gu, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea; E-mail: ; Tel: +82-51-890-2078; Fax: +82-51-890-2076

(a)

(b)

(c)

Supplementary Fig. 1. The relationships (a) between the total commercial traffic (TCT, Mt) and the number of incoming ships (vessel) at Busan Port and (b) between the Korea’s real GDP (103 billion KRW) and the TCT at Busan Port during 1993-2011, and (c) the temporal variations of the Korea’s real GDP during 1990-2012. “CAGR” represents the compounded annual growth rate (%) of the total Korea’s real GDP.

Supplementary Fig. 2. Temporal variations of the Korea’s real GDP (103 billion KRW), total commercial traffic (TCT, Mt), and number of incoming ships (vessel) from the current to future years including the years 2020 and 2050.

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Supplementary Table 1. Emission factors of air pollutants including CO2 for ship operational modes (in g kW-1 h-1).

LMIU
code* / Vessel category** / NOx / SO2 / VOCs / PM / CO2
MEa / ME / AEb / ME / ME / AE / ME / ME / AE / ME / ME / AE / ME / ME / AE
At sea / Maneuvering / All modes / At sea / Maneuvering / All modes / At sea / Maneuvering / All modes / At sea / Maneuvering / All modes / At sea / Maneuvering / All modes
A11 / Liquefied gas / 7.96c (8.47)d / 6.38 (6.78) / 12.29 (13.08) / 12.60 / 13.86 / 11.33 / 0.30 / 0.91 / 0.40 / 1.06 / 2.24 / 0.75 / 823 / 905 / 719
A12 / Chemical / 15.54 (16.54) / 12.44 (13.23) / 12.35 (13.15) / 10.92 / 12.06 / 12.30 / 0.56 / 1.68 / 0.40 / 1.40 / 2.40 / 0.80 / 644 / 709 / 722
A13 / Oil / 13.98 (14.88) / 11.18 (11.90) / 12.35 (13.15) / 11.67 / 12.87 / 12.30 / 0.50 / 1.50 / 0.40 / 1.48 / 2.40 / 0.80 / 689 / 758 / 722
A14 / Other liquids / 15.61 (16.61) / 12.48 (13.29) / 12.35 (13.15) / 10.86 / 12.00 / 12.30 / 0.56 / 1.69 / 0.40 / 1.37 / 2.40 / 0.80 / 641 / 705 / 722
A21 / Bulk dry / 16.85 (17.93) / 13.48 (14.34) / 12.35 (13.15) / 10.56 / 11.66 / 12.30 / 0.59 / 1.78 / 0.40 / 1.67 / 2.40 / 0.80 / 623 / 686 / 722
A24 / Other bulk dry / 16.36 (17.41) / 13.09 (13.93) / 12.35 (13.15) / 10.54 / 11.64 / 12.30 / 0.58 / 1.73 / 0.40 / 1.58 / 2.38 / 0.80 / 631 / 694 / 722
A31 / General cargo / 15.38 (16.36) / 12.30 (13.09) / 12.35 (13.14) / 10.84 / 11.97 / 12.27 / 0.55 / 1.66 / 0.40 / 1.33 / 2.39 / 0.80 / 644 / 709 / 722
A32 / Passenger/general cargo / 14.85 (15.81) / 11.88 (12.65) / 12.35 (13.15) / 11.06 / 12.21 / 12.30 / 0.54 / 1.63 / 0.40 / 1.20 / 2.40 / 0.80 / 652 / 717 / 722
A33 / Container / 16.49 (17.54) / 13.19 (14.04) / 12.35 (13.15) / 10.68 / 11.80 / 12.30 / 0.58 / 1.75 / 0.40 / 1.63 / 2.40 / 0.80 / 631 / 694 / 722
A34 / Refrigerated cargo / 16.37 (17.42) / 13.09 (13.93) / 12.35 (13.15) / 10.66 / 11.78 / 12.30 / 0.58 / 1.75 / 0.40 / 1.55 / 2.40 / 0.80 / 629 / 692 / 722
A35 / Ro-ro cargo / 14.48 (15.41) / 11.58 (12.33) / 12.35 (13.15) / 10.99 / 12.14 / 12.30 / 0.53 / 1.58 / 0.40 / 1.20 / 2.37 / 0.80 / 648 / 713 / 722
A37 / Passenger / 12.42 (13.22) / 9.93 (10.56) / 12.35 (13.14) / 11.74 / 12.96 / 12.23 / 0.46 / 1.39 / 0.40 / 0.81 / 2.39 / 0.80 / 696 / 766 / 722
A38 / Other dry cargo / 10.40 (11.07) / 8.32 (8.86) / 12.35 (13.15) / 12.86 / 14.16 / 12.30 / 0.39 / 1.18 / 0.40 / 0.97 / 2.40 / 0.80 / 757 / 833 / 722
B11 / Fish catching / 13.22 (14.07) / 10.58 (11.26) / 12.35 (13.14) / 11.31 / 12.49 / 12.23 / 0.48 / 1.44 / 0.40 / 0.84 / 2.38 / 0.80 / 674 / 741 / 722
B21 / Offshore supply / 13.10 (13.94) / 10.48 (11.15) / 12.32 (13.11) / 11.02 / 12.17 / 11.83 / 0.49 / 1.47 / 0.40 / 0.79 / 2.33 / 0.78 / 675 / 743 / 721
B32 / Towing/pushing / 12.88 (13.71) / 10.32 (10.98) / 12.35 (13.15) / 10.83 / 11.95 / 12.30 / 0.42 / 1.26 / 0.40 / 0.80 / 2.30 / 0.80 / 673 / 741 / 722
B33 / Dredging / 13.27 (14.12) / 10.61 (11.30) / 12.35 (13.15) / 11.37 / 12.56 / 12.30 / 0.49 / 1.47 / 0.40 / 0.84 / 2.39 / 0.80 / 674 / 741 / 722
B34 / Other activities 1 / 11.72 (12.47) / 9.37 (9.98) / 12.27 (13.06) / 10.87 / 11.99 / 11.02 / 0.42 / 1.27 / 0.40 / 0.75 / 2.21 / 0.74 / 705 / 776 / 718
W11 / Other activities 2 / 12.52 (13.32) / 10.02 (10.66) / 12.35 (13.15) / 10.96 / 12.11 / 12.30 / 0.48 / 1.43 / 0.40 / 0.76 / 2.29 / 0.80 / 645 / 710 / 722
W12 / Other activities 3 / 11.97 (12.73) / 9.62 (10.24) / 12.35 (13.15) / 11.50 / 12.70 / 12.30 / 0.20 / 0.60 / 0.40 / 0.80 / 2.40 / 0.80 / 677 / 745 / 722

* Lloyd’s Marine Intelligence Unit (LMIU) code.

** Vessel categories were defined by Entec (Entec, 2002), which are subdivided from the LMIU. Other activities 1, 2, and 3 include waste disposal, government, patrol, and military ships (B34), non-seagoing tankers (W11), and non-seagoing general cargo ships (W12), respectively.

a Main engine.

b Auxiliary engine.

c The emission factor (EF) of NOx newly adopted for ship engines constructed after 2000 (i.e. 2009 NOx-EF).

d The emission factor (EF) of NOx calculated for ship engines constructed before 2000 (i.e. 2000 NOx-EF).

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Supplementary Table 2. Summary of the number of ship movements at five small ports of Busan Port for the years, 2006, 2008 and 2009.

Year / Port / Total
NP / SP / GP / DP / BNP
2006 / 31,006 (61.5)* / 10,806 (21.4) / 7,498 (14.9) / 783 (1.6) / 309 (0.6) / 50,402 (100)
2008 / 37,024 (62.9) / 12,709 (21.6) / 7,105 (12.1) / 884 (1.5) / 1,136 (1.9) / 58,858 (100)
2009 / 27,961 (56.2) / 11,787 (23.7) / 7,148 (14.4) / 616 (1.2) / 2,224 (4.5) / 49,736 (100)

NP: North Port (NP), SP: South Port, GP: Gamcheon Port, DP: Dadaepo Port, and BNP: Busan New Port.

* The number in parenthesis represents percentage (%).

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Supplementary Table 3. Comparison of ship exhaust pollutant emissions between different studies (in ton yr-1).

Pollutant / Location / Year / Emission / Reference
NOx / Busan Port in South Korea / 2006, 2008-2009 / 8704-11,677 / This study
Kaohsiung Port in Taiwan / 2010 / 501 / Berechman and Tseng, 2012
Incheon Port in South Korea / 2007 / 4352 / Han et al., 2011
Piraeus Port in Greece / 2008-2009 / 1790 / Tzannatos, 2010b
A new freight port on the Ionian Sea in Southern Italy / 2004 / 111 / Lonati et al., 2010
4 Belgian seaports in Belgium / 2003-2004 / 13,244 / De Meyer et al., 2008
Shanghai Port in China / 2003 / 58,160 / Yang et al., 2007
Copenhagen Port in Denmark / 2001 / 555 / Saxe and Larsen, 2004
Elsinore Port in Denmark / 2001 / 153 / Saxe and Larsen, 2004
Køge Port in Denmark / 2001 / 35 / Saxe and Larsen, 2004
Venice Port in Italy / 853 / Trozzi et al., 1995
Piombino Port in Italy / 280 / Trozzi et al., 1995
South Coast Air Basin of California / 2002 / 14,016 / Vutukuru and Dabdub, 2008
Istanbul Strait in Turkey / 1998 / 2720 / Kesgin and Vardar, 2001
Istanbul Strait in Turkey / 2003 / 11,104 / Deniz and Durmuşoğlu, 2008
Canakkale Strait in Turkey / 2003 / 13,099 / Deniz and Durmuşoğlu, 2008
SO2 / Busan Port in South Korea / 2006, 2008-2009 / 4759-9561 / This study
Kaohsiung Port in Taiwan / 2010 / 589 / Berechman and Tseng, 2012
Incheon Port in South Korea / 2007 / 3988 / Han et al., 2011
Piraeus Port in Greece / 2008-2009 / 722 / Tzannatos, 2010b
A new freight port on the Ionian Sea in Southern Italy / 2004 / 21 / Lonati et al., 2010
4 Belgian seaports in Belgium / 2003-2004 / 12,687 / De Meyer et al., 2008
Shanghai Port in China / 2003 / 51,180 / Yang et al., 2007
Copenhagen Port in Denmark / 2001 / 129 / Saxe and Larsen, 2004
Elsinore Port in Denmark / 2001 / 19 / Saxe and Larsen, 2004
Køge Port in Denmark / 2001 / 14 / Saxe and Larsen, 2004
Venice Port in Italy / 507 / Trozzi et al., 1995
Piombino Port in Italy / 293 / Trozzi et al., 1995
South Coast Air Basin of California / 2002 / 8322 / Vutukuru and Dabdub, 2008
Istanbul Strait in Turkey / 2003 / 9306 / Deniz and Durmuşoğlu, 2008
Canakkale Strait in Turkey / 2003 / 10,806 / Deniz and Durmuşoğlu, 2008
VOCs / Busan Port in South Korea / 2006, 2008-2009 / 332-374 / This study
Kaohsiung Port in Taiwan / 2010 / 19 / Berechman and Tseng, 2012
Incheon Port in South Korea / 2007 / 190 / Han et al., 2011
A new freight port on the Ionian Sea in Southern Italy / 2004 / 3.5 / Lonati et al., 2010
Shanghai Port in China / 2003 / 4560 / Yang et al., 2007
Venice Port in Italy / 139 / Trozzi et al., 1995
Piombino Port in Italy / 66 / Trozzi et al., 1995
South Coast Air Basin of California / 2002 / 1059 / Vutukuru and Dabdub, 2008
Istanbul Strait in Turkey / 1998 / 129 / Kesgin and Vardar, 2001
Istanbul Strait in Turkey / 2003 / 451 / Deniz and Durmuşoğlu, 2008
Canakkale Strait in Turkey / 2003 / 485 / Deniz and Durmuşoğlu, 2008
PM / Busan Port in South Korea / 2006, 2008-2009 / 367-1240 / This study
Kaohsiung Port in Taiwan / 2010 / 122a / Berechman and Tseng, 2012
Incheon Port in South Korea / 2007 / 162a / Han et al., 2011
Piraeus Port in Greece / 2008-2009 / 99b / Tzannatos, 2010b
A new freight port on the Ionian Sea in Southern Italy / 2004 / 2.5 / Lonati et al., 2010
Shanghai Port in China / 2003 / 6960 / Yang et al., 2007
South Coast Air Basin of California / 2002 / 329 / Vutukuru and Dabdub, 2008
Istanbul Strait in Turkey / 1998 / 80 / Kesgin and Vardar, 2001
Istanbul Strait in Turkey / 2003 / 382 / Deniz and Durmuşoğlu, 2008
Canakkale Strait in Turkey / 2003 / 578 / Deniz and Durmuşoğlu, 2008
CO2 / Busan Port in South Korea / 2006, 2008-2009 / 4.86E+05-5.61E+05 / This study
Kaohsiung Port in Taiwan / 2010 / 3.45E+04 / Berechman and Tseng, 2012
Barcelona Port in Spain / 2008 / 1.75E+05 / Villalba and Gemechu, 2011
4 Belgian seaports in Belgium / 2003-2004 / 7.66E+05 / De Meyer et al., 2008
Shanghai Port in China / 2003 / 3.01E+06 / Yang et al., 2007
Venice Port in Italy / 7.97E+04 / Trozzi et al., 1995
Piombino Port in Italy / 2.54E+04 / Trozzi et al., 1995
Istanbul Strait in Turkey / 1998 / 1.70E+05 / Kesgin and Vardar, 2001
Istanbul Strait in Turkey / 2003 / 5.51E+05 / Deniz and Durmuşoğlu, 2008
Canakkale Strait in Turkey / 2003 / 6.40E+05 / Deniz and Durmuşoğlu, 2008

a PM10 emission. b PM2.5 emission.

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