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Programme of the Human anatomy
for Odontology faculty students
I. Locomotion system
Lectures
1. Anatomical and functional overview of the skeletal system
Bone structure and functions. Groups of the bones. Skeletal system: parts. Vertebral column: structure, joints, curvatures, movements. Thorax, pelvis.
2. Morphofunctional overview of the joints.
Types of the joints. Structure of the solid joints. Fibrous joints. Cartilaginous joints. Synovial joints: structure, types, and biomechanical features.
3. Anatomical and functional overview of the skull
Skull, its parts. Facial (viscerocranium) skull. Cerebral part of the skull (neurocranium). Skull bones and joints. Neonatal and aged skull. Gender variations of the skull.
4. Regional and functional anatomy of the muscular system
Muscular system. Types of muscular tissue. Structure of the skeletal muscles. Adnexal structures of the muscles: fascias, vaginas, and bursae. Regional and functional groups of the muscles.
I. Locomotion system
Practical works
1. Bones of the trunk
Content. Vertebra: body, arch, foramen, processes (spinous, transverse, upper and inferior articular), intervertebral foramina.
Cervical vertebrae: transverse opening. Atlas: anterior and posterior arches, fovea dentis. Axis, dens. Thoracic vertebrae: superior and inferior costal demifacets, complete facet, transverse costal facet. Lumbar vertebrae. Sacrum: basal part, apex, and lateral parts, auricular surface, pelvic surface and anterior (pelvic) openings, dorsal surface, dorsal openings, canal, promontorium. Coccyx.
Ribs: true, false, and floating ribs. Bony part: head, shaft, tubercle. Costal cartilage.
Sternum. Parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. Jugular, clavicular, and costal notches.
Hyoid bone, greater and lesser horns.
Joints of vertebral column. Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamenta flava. Intervertebral discs (symphyses): anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus. Zygapophysial (intervertebral) synovial joints. Vertebral canal. Costovertebral joints. Sternocostal joints.
Thorax. Superior and inferior thoracic apertures.
2. Bones and joints of the upper and lower limbs
Content. Bones of the upper limb. Bones of the shoulder (pectoral) girdle. Clavicle: shaft, acromial and sternal ends. Scapula: spine, supraspinous, infraspinous fossae, coracoid process, acromion, glenoid cavity.
Bones of the arm: humerus: head, anatomical and surgical neck, greater and lesser tubercles, shaft, condyle, medial and lateral epicondyles, grooves for radial and ulnar nerves.
Bones of the forearm. Radius: head, articular fossa, shaft, carpal articular surface. Ulna: olecranon, trochlear notch, shaft, head.
Bones of the hand. Carpal (wrist) bones. Metacarpal bones. Phalanges: proximal, middle, distal.
Joints of the shoulder (pectoral) girdle: sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints.
Joints of upper arm. Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint: structural components and adnexa: glenoid labrum, coracohumeral ligament. Type of the joint, movements.
Elbow joint: humeroulnar, humeroradial and proximal radioulnar joints. Structural components, types, movements.
Distal radioulnar joint: structural components, movements.
Interosseous membrane.
Wrist (radiocarpal) joint: structural components, articular disc, type, movements.
Carpometacarpal joints, carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. Metacarpophalangeal joints.
Interphalangeal joints.
Bones of the lower limb. Bones of the pelvic girdle. Hip bone. Acetabulum. Obturator foramen. The ilium: body and wing. The ischium: body and ramus. The pubis: body and rami.
Femur: head, neck, shaft, greater and lesser trochanters, medial and lateral condyles, medial and lateral epicondyles. Patella.
Bones of the leg. Tibia: medial and lateral condyles, superior and inferior articular surfaces, shaft, tuberosity, medial malleolus. Fibula: head, shaft, lateral malleolus.
Bones of the foot. Tarsal bones. The metatarsal bones. Phalanges: proximal, middle and distal.
Joints of the pelvis. Sacroiliac joint. Pubic symphysis. Sacrospinal and sacrotuberal ligaments. Greater and lesser sciatic foramina.
Greater (false) and lesser (true) pelvis, pelvic brim.
Hip joint: structural components, adnexal structures: acetabular labrum, ligament of head of femur, iliofemoral ligament, type of the joint, movements.
Knee joint: structural components, adnexal structures: patellar ligament, cruciate ligaments, menisci, type of the joint, movements.
Interosseous membrane.
Ankle (talocrural) joint, type movements. Joints of the foot.
3. Bones of the skull facial part
Ethmoid bone: cribriform, perpendicular and orbital plates, labyrinth, cells, superior and middle conchae.
Maxilla: body: anterior, posterior, nasal, and orbital surfaces. Frontal, zygomatic, palatine and alveolar processes. Infraorbital sulcus, infraorbital canal, infraorbital foramen. Maxillary sinus. Alveolar sockets, interalveolar septa, interradicular septa.
Palatine bone: perpendicular and horizontal plates, greater palatine foramen.
Mandible: body, alveolar process, alveolar sockets, interalveolar septa, interradicular septa.
Oblique line, mental protuberance, mental tubercles, ramus: coronoid and condylar processes, angle of mandible, roughening for attachment of masseter muscle, roughening for attachment of medial pterygoid muscle, mandibular notch, mandibular foramen, lingula, mandibular canal, mylohoid groove, submandibular fossa, sublingual fossa, head (condylar process), neck, pterygoid fovea, mental foramen, oblique line.
Inferior nasal concha. Zygomatic bone. Nasal bone. Lacrimal bone. Vomer.
Temporal bone. Petrous part: mastoid process (petromastoid part). Anterior, posterior and inferior surfaces. Facial, and carotid canals, foramen lacerum, grooves for the greater and lesser petrosal nerves, trigeminal impression, tegmen tympany, jugular notch, internal acoustic meatus, styloid process, stylomastoid foramen. Tympanic part: external acoustic meatus. Squamous part: zygomatic process, mandibular fossa.
4. Bones of the skull cerebral part. Joints of the skull.
Sphenoid bone: body, sella turcica, chiasmatic groove, hypophyseal fossa, dorsum sellae, sphenoid sinus, sphenoid apertures, lesser and greater wings, optic canal, foramina rotundum, ovale and spinosum, pterygoid processes, pterygoid canal.
Frontal bone: squamous, orbital and nasal parts, frontal sinus, superciliary arch, glabella, lacrimal gland fossa, supraorbital foramen.
Parietal bone. Frontal, occipital, mastoid, and sphenoidal angles. Parietal tuber. Groove for superior sagittal sinus.
Occipital bone: basilar, lateral and squamous parts, foramen magnum, condyles, hypoglossal canal, jugular notch, internal and external occipital protuberances, nuchal lines, grooves for transverse and sigmoid sinuses.
Joints of the skull bones. Sutures: sagittal, coronal, lambdoid, squamosal and plana. Anterior and posterior fontanelle. Gomphosis. Temporomandibular joint, structural components, articular disc, lateral ligament, movements. Atlantooccipital and atlantoaxial joints, structural components and movements.
5. Bony Orbit. Nasal cavity. Pterygopalatine, temporal, and infratemporal fossae
Orbit. Skeletal framework: superior (roof), inferior (floor), medial, and lateral walls. Orbital rim, optic canal, superior and inferior orbital fissures, fossa for lacrimal gland, lacrimal groove for lacrimal sac, infraorbital groove and canal, nasolacrimal canal,
Nasal cavity. Piriform aperture and choanae. Superior, inferior, and lateral walls, septum. Superior, middle, and inferior concha. Superior, middle, inferior, and common nasal meatuses. Sphenoethmoidal recess. Frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinus, their sites of drainage.
Pterygopalatine fossa: anterior, posterior, medial, superior walls, gateways.
Temporal and infratemporal fossa, bony framework, gateways.
6. The internal and external base of the skull
Neurocranium: vault (roof) and base (floor), boundaries.
External base of the skull: anterior, middle, posterior parts, boundaries.
Anterior part. Alveolar arch. Osseous (hard) palate, intermaxillary suture, palatomaxillary suture and interpalatine suture. Incisive fossa, incisive canal. Greater and lesser palatine foramina.
Middle part. Choanae. Pterygoid fossa, pterygoid canal, pharyngeal tubercle, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, extracranial opening of carotid canal, foramen lacerum, foramen jugulare, processus styloideus, foramen styloideum. Mandibular fossa.
Posterior part. Foramen magnum, occipital condyles, condylar canal, hypoglossal canal,
Internal base of the skull: anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae, boundaries.
Anterior cranial fossa: cribriform plate, foramen cecum, crista galli.
Middle cranial fossa: chiasmatic sulcus, optic canal, sella turcica, tuberculum sellae, hypophyseal fossa, dorsum sellae, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, intracranial opening of carotid canal, foramen lacerum, trigeminal impression, groove and hiatus for the lesser and greater petrosal nerves, arcuate eminence, tegmen tympany.
Posterior cranial fossa: clivus. Foramen magnum. Grooves for the inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinus. Internal acoustic meatus. Jugular foramen. Hypoglossal canal. Condylar canal.
7. Muscles of the trunk
Back muscles, groups, location, and functions.
Superficial muscles: trapezoid, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid major and minor muscles.
Deep long muscles: erector spinae and splenius. Deep short muscles.
Thorax muscles: pectoral major, anterior serratus muscles. External and internal intercostal muscles. Diaphragm: sternal, costal and lumbar parts. Central tendon. Aortic, oesophageal and inferior vena cava foramina.
Muscles of the abdomen: anterior group: rectus abdominis muscle. Lateral group: external and internal oblique and transversus muscles.
Inguinal canal: superior, inferior, anterior and posterior walls. Superficial and deep rings.
8. Muscles of the head and neck
Muscles of the face, groups, location, functions. Orbital group: orbicularis oculi, corrugator supercilii muscle. Oral group: orbicularis oris, depressor anguli oris, levator labii superioris, depressor labii inferioris, levator anguli oris, buccinator, zygomatic, mental, risorius muscles. Nasal group: nasalis muscle. Occipitofrontalis muscle.
Masticatory muscles: masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid muscles.
Muscles of the neck. Superficial: platysma and sternocleidomastoid muscles. Suprahyoid muscles: mylohyoid, digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid muscles. Infrahyoid muscles: omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, and sternothyroideus muscles. Deep muscles of the neck. Lateral group: anterior, middle, posterior scalene muscles. Medial group: longus colli, longus capitis. Interscalene space. Carotid triangle.
9. Muscles of the upper and lower limb
Upper limb muscles: groups, location, functions.
Muscles of the shoulder girdle: deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapular, teres major, teres minor muscles.
Anterior group of the arm muscles: biceps brachii, coracobrachialis and brachialis muscles. Posterior group of the arm: triceps brachii muscle.
Anterior group of the forearm: superficial muscles: flexor carpi radialis, pronator teres, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor carpi ulnaris muscles. Deep muscles. Posterior group of the forearm muscles: superficial muscles: brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris. Deep muscles. Hand muscles: thenar, hypothenar and middle group.
Axilla: anterior, medial, posterior, lateral walls. Axillary inlet. Cubital fossa. Carpal canal.
Muscles of the lower limb: groups, location, functions.
Gluteal muscles. Superficial: gluteus minimus, medius, and maximus. Deep muscles: iliopsoas.
Anterior compartment of the femur: sartorius and quadriceps femoris muscle. Posterior compartment of the femur (hamstrings): biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles. Medial compartment: adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis muscles.
Anterior compartment of the leg: anterior tibialis, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus muscles. Posterior compartment of the leg: superficial: triceps surae (soleus, gastrocnemius) muscles. Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon. Deep muscles. Lateral compartment: fibular (peroneus) muscles.
Muscles of the foot: dorsal and plantar group.
Greater sciatic foramen. Suprapiriform and infrapiriform foramina. Lacuna vasorum and musculorum. Obturator and adductor canals, popliteal fossa.
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