Margaret W. Matlin, Cognition, 8Eoutline Chapter 1Page 1 of 2

Margaret W. Matlin, Cognition, 8eOutline Chapter 1Page 1 of 2

CHAPTER 1

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

chapter Introduction

Important Terms

cognition

cognitive psychology

cognitive approach

Why learn about cognition?

Cognition occupies a major portion of human psychology.
The cognitive approach has widespread influence on other areas of psychology, as well as disciplines outside psychology.
Cognitive psychology provides an "owner's manual" for your mind.

A Brief History of Cognitive Psychology

The Origins of Cognitive Psychology

Aristotle

empirical evidence

Wilhelm Wundt

introspection

Early Memory Researchers

Ebbinghaus

Mary Whiton Calkins

recency effect

first woman president of APA

The Origins of Cognitive Psychology (continued)

William James

Principles of Psychology

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Behaviorism

Watson

Skinner

operational definition

The Gestalt Approach

gestalt psychology

gestalt

insight

Frederic C. Bartlett

memory as active, constructive process

The Emergence of Modern Cognitive Psychology

1956

"cognitive revolution"

Factors Contributing to the Rise of Cognitive Psychology

disappointment with behaviorist approach

linguistics; Noam Chomsky

human memory research

children's thought processes; Jean Piaget

The Information-Processing Approach

(a)Mental processesare similar to the operations of a computer.

(b)Information progresses through the cognitive system in a series of stages, one step at a time.

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

sensory memory

short-term memory (working memory)

long-term memory

The Current Status of Cognitive Psychology

more complex models
widespread influence on the discipline of psychology
applications of the cognitive approach in therapy
issues of ecological validity

Cognitive Neuroscience Techniques

cognitive neuroscience

social cognitive neuroscience

Brain Lesions

Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Event-Related Potential Technique (ERP)

Additional Areas that Contribute to Cognitive Psychology

Artificial Intelligence

The Computer Metaphor

structures and processes

Pure Artificial Intelligence

efficiency

Computer Simulation

computer modeling

take human limitations into account

The Connectionist Approach

parallel distributed processing (PDP) approach
neural network approach
cerebral cortex
serial processing
parallel processing

Cognitive Science

interdisciplinary—cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and artificial intelligence PLUS philosophy, linguistics, anthropology, sociology, and economics

focus on internal representations

An Overview of Your Textbook

Preview of the Chapters

Themes in the Book

Theme 1:The cognitive processes are active, rather than passive.

Theme 2:The cognitive processes are remarkably efficient and accurate.

Theme 3:The cognitive processes handle positive information better than negative information.

Theme 4:The cognitive processes are interrelated with one another; they do not operate in isolation.

Theme 5:Many cognitive processes rely on both bottom-up and top-down processing.

How to Use Your Book Effectively

Chapter Outline

Chapter Preview

Opening Paragraph

Demonstrations

Individual Differences Feature

Applications

Keywords

In-Depth Feature

Section Summaries

End-of-Chapter Review Questions

Keywords List