MANUAL FOR STATISTICS
ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION
IN HOUSEHOLDS
Draft Version: V 1.0 - 12th April 2012
Contents
1.Background
2.Households consumption: Identify services and uses into the houses
3.Information needs and definitions
4.Situation of the Energy Statistics in the Residential sector in the EU
4.1.Situation of the energy statistics in the household sector in the EU
4.2.Improvement actions carried out by Eurostat: Task-Force 2008 and SECH projects.
4.3Definition of the degree of coverage: good; medium; and low
4.4.Groups of Coverage and Map of Groups of Coverage-TF-2008 Requirements.
4.5Methods of information acquisition used and frequency by Groups of Coverage.
4.6.Methods of information processing by Groups of Coverage.
4.7.Best practices identified in the Groups of Coverage.
5Approach methodologies
5.aTop-down approach: information from suppliers
5.bBottom up approach – surveys and measures
5.b.1Advantages and disadvantages of bottom up surveys
5.b.2Surveys
5.b.2.1(General) Household Energy consumption survey
5.b.2.2Special electricity consumption survey
5.b.3Measures:
5.cModeling approaches
5.c.1Why modeling
5.c.2Model only approach
5.c.3Models applied to survey results
5.dOthers
6Disaggregation techniques: arithmetic, modeling
7Survey Techniques: Type, Sample Sizing, Organization, Evaluation
7.1.Definition of “Survey” and basic concepts
7.2.Type of surveys
7.3.Basic steps to create a survey
7.4.Design of samples
7.5.Questionnaire: design and presentation procedure
7.6.Techniques of depuration
8Interpolation techniques and modeling for annual data.
8.1.Why is interpolation needed?
8.2.Summary of techniques and references to published statistics guidance
8.3.Summary of energy interpolation techniques employed in different countries
8.4.How interpolation can be checked
8.5.5. Problem areas
8.6.A brief tour of future modelling
9Consideration of RES: Solar heat, Heat pumps, geothermal, biofuels
9.1.Calculation of renewable heat consumed vs calculation of renewable heat supplied
9.2.Special aspects of biofuels
9.3.Quality standards
10International best-practices
10.aTop-down best practices
10.bBottom-up approach best practices
10.cModeling approach best practices
10.dIntegration Top-down/Bottom-up/Modelling best practices
10.d.1Best practices on Top-Down/Bottom-Up integration.
10.d.2Best practices on Top-Down/Modelling integration.
10.d.3Best practices on Bottom-Up /Modelling integration.
10.d.4Best practices on Top-Down/ Bottom-Up /Modelling integration.
11From National Practices towards EU Comparable Methodology: Suggestions
11.1Preliminary considerations.
11.2Groups of Coverage and users’ needs
11.3Compendium of best practices identified to be applied
11.4Standardized Methodologies.
11.5List of Variables and Concepts.
11.6Suggestions based on Groups of Coverage.
11.6.1Methodologies suggested to countries belonging to Group of Coverage 1.
11.6.2Methodologies suggested to countries belonging to Group of Coverage 2.
11.6.3Methodologies suggested to countries belonging to Group of Coverage 3.
12Energy/fuel poverty
12.1Why fuel poverty matters
12.2The role of fuel poverty in policy development
12.3Extent of fuel poverty measurement in the EU and other countries
12.4Summary of fuel poverty measurement
12.5How estimates can be derived
12.6Case Study – the UK
13Use of administrative data and data matching
13.1Pros and cons of using administrative data
13.2Summary of what energy administrative data individual countries use and for what purposes?
13.3Reconciliation between top-down survey results and bottom up admin data
13.4Where can administrative data be sourced?
13.5Importance of designing policies with a focus on monitoring and evaluation
13.6What is data matching
13.7What are the benefits and challenges of data matching?
13.8Examples of what countries doing
14Literature and references
CHAPTER 1:
Background
ÍNDEX
Structure of the chapter
1.Background
Objectives
Contents
CHAPTER 2:
Households consumption: Identify services and uses into the houses
ÍNDEX
Structure of the chapter
2.Households consumption: Identify services and uses into the houses
Objectives
General information for the novice reader about household energy consumption.
ALTERNATIVE CHAPTER TITLE:
Introduction to energy consumption in households
Contents
•Why knowing about energy consumption of households matters
Policy: EPBD, energy efficiency, climate and energy targets,
A figure displaying the share of households in total EU energy consumption.
•How do we define a household?
Residential sector, dwelling, household types, small businesses/farms
Common definitions or at least a list of categories to consider for inclusion or exclusion
•What sources of energy are used?
Electricity.
Gas.
Renewables.
Coal, oil, etc...
Units and conversion factors: kWh, m3, GJ…
A Figure/pie chart: % of household energy by energy source (NL as example, EU if available)
•How is energy used in households?
Common breakdowns of uses
Heating, cooling, cooking, lighting, hot water, …
Diagram/illustration of house with energy flows
Figure/pie chart: % of household energy by use (NL as example, EU if available)
•What factors influence how much energy is used in a household?
Household size, degree-days, insulation, technology, the whole variable list or a condensed version
Interaction with other Manual chapters
Could have information also suited for the “Background” chapter, and for chapters where definitions are listed.
CHAPTER 3:
Information needs and definitions
ÍNDEX
Structure of the chapter
3.Information needs and definitions
3.1.Information needs
3.2.Definitions
Objectives
Contents
- CHAPTER 4: Situation of the Energy Statistics in the Residential sector in the EU
3.1.Information needs
Energy statistics regulation that stipulates that the Commission and the Members States will develop further the statistics related to final energy consumption.
The starting point could be the list established by the Task Force Final Energy Consumption in Households. The needs were classified as
“Must have”:
A.1 Consumption (electricity, gas, solid fuel, oil) per household
A.2 Consumption attributed to end-use, e.g. heating, lighting, large/small appliances
A.3 Data on penetration of EE technologies
A.4 Data on characteristics of the housing stock
A.5 Unit/specific consumption data
A.6 Corresponding activity data, e.g. household numbers
“Nice to have”:
B.1 Appliances stock & usage information (not just sales)
B.2 Trends in energy service demand, e.g. internal temperatures
TF Review of needs:
R.1 Solar energy (collectors, photo-voltaic panels)
R.2 Biomass, in particular non-commercialised firewood
R.3 Use of heat pumps
The final proposal for survey coverage which was adopted by the WP Energy Consumption in Households in December 2008 is:
Housing Stock Characteristics
Ownership type, dwelling type, age, insulation, surface heated / air-conditioned
Household characteristics
Household size, income, intensity of occupation of the dwelling
Consumption / expenditure of energy commodities
Consumption and associated cost per type of energy commodity (electricity, heat and major fuels)
Space Heating
Main/supplementary space heating system: fuel type, type of heating equipment, age of equipment
Availability and type of temperature control instruments (thermostats)
Hot Water
Water heating equipment: fuel type, tank size, age
Cooking
Cooking equipment: fuel type, equipment type, age
Electrical appliances
Availability of electrical appliances: type, number, age
Air conditioning
Air conditioning equipment: type, age
Penetration of Energy efficiency Technologies
labelled equipment by appliance type, high efficiency condensing boilers, high efficiency lamps
Retrofitting in view of improved energy saving: dwelling, heating / air-conditioning equipment
Energy service demand
Intensity of use of heating, air conditioning; heating and cooling setpoints (thermostats)
Penetration of renewable Energy Sources
Solar panels (surface, power, type), biomass (by type), heat pumps (type/power, electricity consumption)
Energy consumption by end-use
Based on modelling: space heating, water heating, cooking, space cooling,
lighting and electrical appliances
There may be also other needs which will be identified via letters from the EU NSIs and during June Energy Statistics Working Party.
3.2.Definitions
In this sub-chapter the definitions of terms used in the manual will be indicated. A good staring point is the list of definitions from the document WP-HOUS/2009/9(a) where there are already some definitions for:
1. Housing Stock Characteristics
2. Household characteristics
3. Consumption / expenditure of energy commodities
4. Space Heating
5. Hot Water
6. Cooking
7. Electrical Appliances
8. Air conditioning.
The definitions for the fuels will be also added.
The definitions will be harmonized with the definitions used in other domains of the EU statistics; the definitions from the existing manuals and manuals which are still in the process of development such as IEA Energy Statistics Manual, IRES, InterEnerStat will be taken into the consideration.
In the chapter there should be also some information about:
Units (mass and volume units, energy units)
Calorific Values (specific and default values)
Conversion table for fuelwood
CHAPTER 4:
Situation of the Energy Statistics in the Residentialsector in the EU
ÍNDEX
Structure of the chapter
4.Situation of the Energy Statistics in the Residential sector in the EU
3.3.Situation of the energy statistics in the household sector in the EU
3.4.Improvement actions carried out by Eurostat: Task-Force 2008 and SECH projects.
3.5.Definition of the degree of coverage: good; medium; and low
3.6.Groups of Coverage and Map of Groups of Coverage-TF-2008 Requirements.
3.7.Methods of information acquisition used and frequency by Groups of Coverage.
3.8.Methods of information processing by Groups of Coverage.
3.9.Best practices identified in the Groups of Coverage.
Objectives
The main objective of this chapter is to determine and update the situation of the energy statistics in the household sector at the level of the different EU MMSS as well as the European Union as a whole. This involves a country-by-country analysis of the availability of information related to the energy consumption of the household sector, degree of detail of the said information and current and expected coverage of the Task Force 2008 requirements, as well as of the explicative parameters of the energy demand of this sector. Additionally, other aspects of the national statistics, such as the quality, reliability of the information, and the frequency of the statistic methods and operations will be evaluated in the frame of this chapter.
According to the aforementioned, the situation of the energy statistics of the EU household sector as a whole will be established, and three groups of countries will be determined according to the degree of coverage of the Task Force 2008 requirements.
The detailed country-by-country analysis on the situation of the energy statistics of the household sector will be treated as internal information of the project, not showing nominal information on each country in the Manual.
Contents
- CHAPTER 4: Situation of the Energy Statistics in the Residential sector in the EU
The chapter will start with a brief introductory summary of the chapter in which the objective of the chapter, its justification, and the possible relation with other contents (chapters and epigraphs) of the manual will be described.
Additionally, the necessity of improving the statistics system at level of both the MMSS and the EU as a whole will be exposed, remarking the role of the energy statistics, in general, with a special focus on the household sector, in the follow up of the European Directives on energy efficiency and renewable energies.
4.1.Situation of the energy statistics in the household sector in the EU: Exposure of the competences and involved bodies.
In this epigraph, the EU statistics organization in matter of the statistics, in general, will be exposed, paying special attention to the energy statistics in the household sector. Moreover, the competences of Eurostat and MMSS NSIs, as well as the existing relations and coordination systems will be included. Additionally, the Commission Regulation on Statistics, currently in force, the IEA/Eurostat Questionnaires on information acquisition, together with the foreseen actions shall be mentioned.
4.2.Improvement actions carried out by Eurostat: Task-Force 2008 and SECH projects.
This epigraph shall include the different works developed in the frame of the Energy Statistics Working Group of Eurostat, and aimed at the improvement of the national and European energy statistics systems, as a consequence of the new existing challenges,
Special attention will be paid to the conclusions and recommendations established by the Task-Force 2008, as well as the to the SECH projects developed in the MMSS.
With regard to the task Force 2008, the recommended coverage of the basic information acquisition for the elaboration of the energy statistics in the household sector will be exposed.
4.3.Definition of the degree of coverage: good; medium; and low
In this epigraph, it will be defined the concepts which will allow to grouping the different MMSS in three categories depending on the degree of coverage of the TF 2008 recommendations. In principle, and in a non-limitative way, three groups are expected:
- Group I: countries with a good coverage
- Group II: countries with a medium coverage
- Group III: countries with a low coverage
All the MESH partners shall propose Eurostat concrete and precise definitions about what we understand by “good”, “medium” and “low” coverage. The definitions shall be established considering not only the number of recommendations, but also the relevance of each recommendation.
4.4.Groups of Coverage and Map of Groups of Coverage-TF-2008 Requirements.
With the information obtained from the TF 2008 questionnaires and with their updating, together with the definition of the Groups of Coverage, defined in the previous epigraph, a map of the current status of the energy statistics of the household sector will be elaborated, which will be useful for the elaboration of the chapter 11 oriented to suggest the MMSS the procedure to follow in order to migrate from their existing national energy statistics system in the household sector to the harmonized EU system.
4.5.Methods of information acquisition used and frequency by Groups of Coverage
Taking as a reference the updated information on the energy statistics of the household sector in each EU Member State, detailed information on the different information acquisition systems used by the EU countries, will be obtained. This epigraphwill synthetize all this information both in technical terms (frequency and reliability) and in economic terms (associated costs).
4.6.Methods of information processing by Groups of Coverage.
In the same way as in the previous epigraph, a synthesis of the systems and methods of interpolation, estimation and/or modelling of energy consumption, will be done, both in technical and associated costs terms.
4.7.Best practices identified in the Groups of Coverage.
This point will describe the best practices identified in the different EU MMSS, grouping them by typology: surveys, models, information matching, etc.
Interaction with other Manual chapters
This chapter can have interactions with the following chapters of the manual:
- Chapter 5.a: Approach methodologies - Top-down approach: information from suppliers.
- Chapter 5.b: Approach methodologies - Bottom-up approach: surveys and measures.
- Chapter 5.c: Approach methodologies - Modelling approach.
- Chapter 5.d: Approach methodologies – Others.
- Chapter 10.a: International best-practices - Top-down best practices.
- Chapter 10.b: International best-practices - Bottom-up approach best practices.
- Chapter 10.c: International best-practices - Modelling approach best practices.
- Chapter 10.d: International best-practices - Integration Top-down/Bottom-up/Modelling best practices.
- Chapter 11: From national practices towards EU comparable methodology: suggestions.
- Chapter 13: Use of administrative data and data matching.
CHAPTER 5:
Approach methodologies
Structure of the chapter
5Approach methodologies
Objectives
CHAPTER 5.a:
Top-down approach: information from suppliers
5.aTop-down approach: information from suppliers
Structure of the chapter
Objectives
Concrete tips/guidance for the statistician seeking to develop or improve statistics using information from private companies.
Contents
- What do we mean by suppliers? (or some clear definition of the chapter subject)
- Types of information sourced from suppliers
- Total household energy consumption
- Examples: grid managers in Brussels, NL, Spain, Ireland
- Pitfalls and lessons learned
- Common issues and how to deal with them
- Equipment/appliance sales
- (NL) Solar panels
- Refrigerators
- (NL) Heat pumps
- From sales figures to appliance stocks and energy use
- List of models and assumptions actually used
- General strengths and weaknesses of using supplier data
- Strengths: survey/admin burden reduced,
- Weaknesses: suppliers usually don’t know what is sold for household purposes. Non-standard definitions…
- Costs, man-hours, skills
- How to get information from suppliers
- General considerations
- Developing new legal requirements
- (time required, steps needed, problems encountered)
- Voluntary cooperation
- Seeking win-win situations
- Examples
- Recommendations for further development of appliances energy use
Interaction with other Manual chapters
Could have substantial overlap with:
- Chapter on administrative data: sometimes we get microdata where there is a huge amount of work to do for matching data (e.g. determining what addresses on a client list are households). Do we merge these chapters?
- Modelling chapter: From sales figures to appliance stocks and energy use is in essence a modelling exercise. It would probably make most sense to present in chapter 5a relevant models for this particular purpose, including assumptions used (e.g. replacement rates for different kinds of appliances)
CHAPTER 5.b:
Bottom up approach – surveys and measures
ÍNDEX
Structure of the chapter
5.bBottom up approach – surveys and measures
5.b.1Advantages and disadvantages of bottom up surveys
5.b.2Surveys
5.b.2.1(General) Household Energy consumption survey
5.b.2.2Special electricity consumption survey
5.b.3Measures:
Objectives
Contents
5.b.1Advantages and disadvantages of bottom up surveys
5.b.2Surveys
5.b.2.1(General) Household Energy consumption survey
- Coverage:
- dwellings/houses,
- households in general,
- households on their main residence
- Frequency
- Content:
- Residence bound fuel consumption by fuel type and by purpose: Space heating, Water heating, Cooking, Other (electricity only)
- Quantities and monetary values
- Heating system by type and age
- Insulation measures
- Cars and transport fuels used
- Survey technique:
- Sample survey
- Face to face interview/CAPI
- Telephone interview/CATI
- Panel survey
- Sample size
- Grossing up procedure(s)
- Quality assurance measures:
- All consumption needs fulfilled = at least 1 fuel for space heating, water heating and cooking
- Is the reported fuel usable for the respective purpose or in the equipment reported
- Check with average prices
- Maximum/minimum quantities
5.b.2.2Special electricity consumption survey