Manifest Destiny Mid-Term Test Preparation Material 8th Grade Environmental Science Academy
( No more whining, it’s time to focus and prepare. Find a quiet place to study and focus. If you put in the effort and work, I know you will do well on this test. Good luck. – Mr. Kim )
NAME______DATE______PERIOD_____
TEST DATE______LIST THE DATES YOU WILL STUDY : ______
* Pick 15 of the following statements and transform them into Cornell Notes questions and answers.
1. Manifest Destiny is an idea that it was America’s destiny to conquer land from East Coast ( Atlantic Ocean ) to West Coast ( Pacific Ocean ). “ From sea to shining sea . “
2. Tecumseh, a Shawnee, had a passionate mission to start a Native American-only nation in Indiana. He turned to the British for help. Tecumseh and his vision was killed during the War of 1812.
3. Andrew Jackson( Mr. $ 20 ), a hero of the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812, became President . He eventually signed the Indian Removal Act, to force tribes such as the Cherokees onto reservations in Oklahoma.
4. Northwest Ordinance ( Law ) : For every 60,000 American settlers, they can request to become a state. Native Americans see an enormous rise of settlers on their land.
5. Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Nation, tried to escape to the Canadian border, but he surrendered when his people were starving to death. His surrender speech “ I Will Fight No More “ moved sympathetic Americans.
6. Black Kettle of the Cheyennetribe, was an enormous advocate/fighter for peace. But while he was away, the U.S. army mutilated his people during the Sand Creek Massacre.
7. Sitting Bull of the Lakota Sioux tribe was furious about the invasion of his land in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Along, with Crazy Horse, he defeated General George Custer at the famous Battle of Little Big Horn. He surrendered. Crazy Horse was later killed by the U.S. Army.
8. The Lakota Sioux and Oglala tribe ( and their leader, Big Foot ) was hunted down by the U.S. Army.They were rounded up and told that their surrender was going to be accepted. Rather, they became victims of the horrendous Wounded Knee Massacre.
9. Sitting Bull started the Ghost Dance movement to inspire Native Americans to stay connected to their culture and tribal traditions and give them strength during this ugly period of Manifest Destiny.
10. Geronimo, the fearless Apache leader, was hunted down by BOTH the U.S. andMexican armies. He was not going to sign any treaties with anyone. He was the last chief to surrender.
11. The Cherokee leader, John Ross, sued the U.S. government in the Supreme Court and won. But President Andrew Jackson, ignored the Supreme Court decision ( today he would be impeached for such an action ), and ordered the Cherokees to walk the Trail of Tears to reservation land. This was part of the vast Indian Removal Act, a law to remove Native Americans onto reservation land.
12. The Cherokees were considered the most “ civilized “ amongst the varied tribes because many dressed like American settlers, had their own alphabet, and their version of the Constitution.
13. The U.S. government violated many treaties of peace they signed with tribal leaders. One is the Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1851 with the Cheyenne/Black Kettle= parts of Kansas and Colorado was their land. Another is the Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868 with the Lakota Sioux/ Sitting Bull = the Black Hills of South Dakota belong to them.
14. Pow-wows are Native American gatherings today to give strength and pride to tribes today and to honor the elders from the past.
15. The Crazy Horse Memorial, in the Black Hills of South Dakota, are still under construction to honor this Lakota Sioux that was killed defending his land after the Treaty of Fort Laramie was violated.
16. Stephen Austin was given permission by the Mexican government to settle Tejas or Texas by President/General Santa Anna to control the native population like the Apaches.
17. The deal was for Austin’s settlers to become Catholic, learn Spanish, and become a Mexican citizen. Instead, Austin planned a rebellion to take Texas from Santa Anna. When Santa Anna found out, Austin was arrested.
18. Instead of paying taxes to Mexico, Texans throughout planned a rebellion against the dictator.
19. In San Antonio, Texas, at the Alamo mission, 183 Americans fought against 1800 of Santa Anna’s soldiers.
20. Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, and William Travis ( “ Victory or Death ! “) were the most famous of the “ Alamo defenders “. After Santa Anna executed every man at the Alamo, Sam Houston, leader of the Texas militia, along with Americans, cried out, “ Remember the Alamo ! “
21. Eventually, Sam Houston and his Texas militia captured Santa Anna at the San Jacinto River at the Battle of San Jacinto. Santa Anna surrendered Texas. Texas was the Lone Star Republic, a separate country for 10 years with Houston as the President.
22. When Andrew Jackson’s buddy, James K. Polk became President, Texas was going to be annexed as a slave state. Polk wanted the Rio Grande as the border; Santa Anna wanted the Nueces River as the border.
23. Both sides showed up to the Rio Grande and the Mexican-American War began. ( Bear Flag Revolt in Sonoma, CA ; the recapturing of Fort Moore in downtown L.A.; the storming of Chapultepec castle in Mexico City. )
24. Santa Anna surrendered and signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. America paid $15 million for Arizona, Nevada, California, New Mexico, parts of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming.
25. James Marshall found gold on John Sutter’s land in the Sacramento Valley on January 24, 1848. The Gold Rush !
26. Californios were able to see immigrants from all over the world trespass upon their land. The Chinese were singled out with hate and discrimination.
27. The Foreign Miners Tax was a form of discrimination by the Americans to lower the competition by the
“ foreigners “. Ironically, the original landowners, the native tribes and Californios , lost all their land.
28. California was admitted to the U.S. as a free state ( the 31st state ) on September 9, 1850.
29. Southerners were afraid of the balance of free and slave states in America……a prediction of the Civil War….
30. ( ESSAY ) NO RIGHT OR WRONG ANSWER. Do you think the Mexican-American War was justified ? Why or why not ? Write at least 8 sentences defending your answer. Include TWO specific examples or/and names.
I AM GIVING YOU AN 8th GRADE-LEVEL TEST. STEP UP AND FOCUS. I AM HERE DURING LUNCH FOR TUTORING.