MA English Syntax BBK Spring 2014
Topics/terminology #2
Huddleston, R. (ms.) A Short Overview of English Syntax Sections 1--7 PLUS:
configurational/non-configurational language, tree diagrams (phrase structure trees), (labelled) bracketing, (syntactic) categories vs. (grammatical) functions (= sentence elements), word-level categories (word classes), phrasal/phrase-level categories, NP/VP/AP/AdvP/PP, clause, sentence, simple sentence, complex sentence, subordination, compound sentence, coordination, main/matrix clause, subordinate clause (subclause), canonical and non-canonical clauses, Subject-Auxiliary Inversion (SAI), complement vs. adjunct, lexical content (open-class) words, grammatical function (closed-class) words, nouns (common vs. proper, count vs. non-count), modal vs. non-modal (aspectual) auxiliaries (PERF have, PROG be, PASS be – aspects and voice), main verbs (=full/lexical) (transitive (mono-, di-, complex-), intransitive, copular; stative vs. dynamic), multi-word verbs (phrasal vs. prepositional vs. phrasal-prepositional), finite vs. non-finite forms, types of pronoun: personal/reflexive/possessive (central pronouns); reciprocal; relative; interrogative; demonstrative; indefinite (positive (universal, assertive, nonassertive), negative), case (nominative, accusative), gender (masculine, feminine, neuter (nonpersonal)), determiners (pre-, central, post-)
Recommended: http://www.nyest.hu/hirek/megszamlalhatatlan-problema-az-angolban
http://www.nyest.hu/hirek/a-beszelt-francia-olyan-mint-a-magyar
Sample questions
1. Give an example of each of the following terms/notions:
i. compound sentence:
ii. subordinator:
iii. sentence with a subjective predicative complement (underline the Pred Comp!):
iv. sentence with an objective predicative complement (underline the Pred Comp!):
v. reciprocal pronoun:
vi. reflexive pronoun:
vii. indefinite positive universal pronoun:
viii. third person singular masculine accusative personal pronoun:
ix. NP with a central and a post-determiner:
x. transitive phrasal verb with a pronominal direct object:
2. What do nonsense texts like Jabberwocky illustrate about syntactic structure and morphosyntactic categories?
3. Explain why sentences like There are two books on the shelf are problematic wrt the identification of the subject.
4. Compare She laughed at the clown and She laughed at 10 o’clock. How is the status of the PP different in the two cases? How is this related to what Huddleston calls the licensing condition?
5. Compare the meaning and the grammar of the word hair in He pulled out a white hair and He has white hair.
6. Discuss the grammatical status/behaviour of jury in The jury haven’t yet reached a decision.
7. Choose the odd word out in each set – the word that does not belong to that particular word class.
8. Specify the syntactic category of the italicised nonsense word in the following sentences. Explain your choice.
a. John likes to glonk in the afternoons
b. He never glonks on Sunday
c. He started glonking when he was fourteen
d. He once glonked an out-of-work actress
e. He’s never glonked any of his classmates
9. Describe the auxiliary verb system of English (types, major characteristics, examples).
10. Consider the verbs in the following sentences, and specify their category (lexical vs. auxiliary (modal vs. non-modal)) and form (plain, preterite, etc.; finite vs. non-finite).
11. Compare the syntactic behaviour of have ’possess’ in typically BrE and typically AmE structures like the following.
(i)Typically BrE (ii) Typically AmE
ia. I have (got) a car iia. I have a car
ib. I haven’t (got) a car iib. I don’t have a car
ic. Have you (got) a car? iic. Do you have a car?
12. Compare the syntactic category and behaviour of be in the following examples. What are the differences? What is constant?
(a) (b) (c)
He’s hungry He’s sleeping He’s criticized
He isn’t hungry He isn’t sleeping He isn’t criticized
Is he hungry? Is he sleeping? Is he criticized?
He’s always hungry He’s always sleeping He’s always criticized
13. Compare the perfect and passive constructions. What do they have in common?
14. Compare the imperative, infinitival and subjunctive constructions. What do they have in common?
15. Identify the different subcategories of lexical verbs and the grammatical functions of the phrases in the following examples.
1. John carefully searched the room.
2. The girl is now a student at a large university.
3. His brother grew happier gradually.
4. It rained steadily all day.
5. He gave the girl an apple.
6. They make him the chairman every year.
16. Use the following words to make a well-formed sentence. Explain the order of the determiners.
17. Consider the multi-word verb look after. Is it a phrasal verb or a prepositional verb? Support your choice with arguments from its syntactic behaviour.
18. Which of the following sentences below contain phrasal verbs and which prepositional verbs?
a. No one can account for William’s extraordinary behaviour
b. The Ministry turned down our proposal
c. You can always rely on Philip
d. The boys waited patiently for their mothers
e. You will have to allow for a slight loss of quality in the process
f. Dorothy’s mother will look after the baby while she is away
g. No one had reckoned with William’s opposition to the plan
h. He looked up all the difficult words in the dictionary
i. Mrs Carey put on her nicest dress
j. They could think of no better solution
19. Form a future perfect progressive passive construction with the verb do. Specify the subcategories of the verbal elements in it. What tense is it in? Which elements are aspectual? Which element determines the voice of the construction?
20. What do the following examples show about how the subcategory of nouns determines their ability to form NPs?
*Tiger is dangerous animal
A tiger is a dangerous animal
Tigers are dangerous animals
Drink-driving is dangerous
*Drink-driver is dangerous
Drink-drivers are dangerous
21. Discuss the following Hungarian examples.
*Hány pénzed van?
Hány forintod van?
Mennyi pénzed van?
Mennyi forintod van?